"Munthu wamba!" - kulira koteroko kumatha kuwopseza aliyense m'sitimayo. Zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kusiya ntchito yanu ndikupulumutsa mnzako yemwe watsala pang'ono kufa. Koma kwa Jacques-Yves Cousteau, lamuloli silinagwire ntchito. Nthano ya munthu uyu idakhala nthawi yayitali ya moyo wake "wodutsa". Lamulo lomaliza la Cousteau, lomwe palibe amene adawoneka kuti analimva, linali kuitana osati kungodumphira m'nyanja, koma kukhala m'menemo.
Philosophy kuyenda
Zaka zana zapitazo, pa June 11, 1910, wofufuza wotchuka wa World Ocean, wolemba mafilimu ambiri okhudza nyanja, Jacques-Yves Cousteau, anabadwira ku France. Jacques-Yves wachichepere anayamba kudumphira m’nyanja yakuya yabuluu m’zaka za m’ma 1943 zapitazi. Mwamsanga iye anazoloŵereka ndi kusodza kwa ma spearfishing. Ndipo mu XNUMX, pamodzi ndi mlengi wanzeru wa zida za pansi pa madzi, Emil Gagnan, iye analenga gawo limodzi mpweya wowongolera dongosolo moyo osambira (makamaka anali mng'ono wamakono magawo awiri). Ndiko kuti, Cousteau anatipatsadi zida za scuba, monga tikudziwira tsopano - njira yotetezeka yodumphira mozama kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, Jacques Cousteau, wojambula komanso wotsogolera, adayima pa chiyambi cha kujambula zithunzi ndi mavidiyo pansi pa madzi. Anapanga ndikuyesa kuya kwa mamita makumi awiri kamera yoyamba ya kanema ya 35 mm m'nyumba yopanda madzi yojambula pansi pa madzi. Anapanga zida zapadera zowunikira zomwe zimalola kuwombera mozama (ndipo panthawiyo kukhudzidwa kwa kanema kunangofikira mayunitsi a ISO a 10), adapanga njira yoyamba ya kanema wawayilesi pansi pamadzi ... Ndi zina zambiri.
Kusintha kwenikweni kunali Sitima yapamadzi ya Diving Saucer (chitsanzo choyamba, 1957) yopangidwa pansi pa utsogoleri wake ndikufanana ndi mbale yowuluka. Chipangizocho chinakhala choyimira bwino kwambiri cha kalasi yake. Cousteau ankakonda kudzitcha yekha "katswiri wa panyanja", zomwe, ndithudi, zimangowonetsera talente yake.
Ndipo, ndithudi, Jacques-Yves anapanga mafilimu ambiri odabwitsa a sayansi pa moyo wake wautali wautali. Yoyamba, yopangidwira omvera ambiri, filimu ya wotsogolera yemwe si katswiri komanso katswiri wamaphunziro a nyanja zam'madzi (monga momwe asayansi olemekezeka amamutcha) - "World of Silence" (1956) adalandira "Oscar" ndi "Nthambi ya Palm" ya Cannes Film Festival (inali, mwa njira, filimu yoyamba yopanda pake kuti ipambane Palme d'Or. Filimu yachiwiri ("Nkhani ya Nsomba Zofiira", 1958) inalandiranso Oscar, kutsimikizira kuti Oscar woyamba anali. osati ngozi...
M'dziko lathu, wofufuzayo adapambana chikondi cha anthu chifukwa cha kanema wawayilesi wa Cousteau's Underwater Odyssey. Komabe, lingaliro lakuti mu chidziwitso chachikulu Cousteau anakhalabe monga mlengi wa mndandanda wa mafilimu otchuka (ndi woyambitsa wa scuba gear) si zoona.
Amene Jacques-Yves analidi anali mpainiya.
Captain wa dziko
Comrades adatcha Cousteau kukhala wosewera komanso wowonetsa pazifukwa. Anali wodabwitsa popeza othandizira ndipo nthawi zonse amapeza zomwe amafuna. Mwachitsanzo, adapeza ngalawa yake "Calypso" kale asanagule, akumutsatira (ndi banja lake) kwa zaka zingapo, kulikonse komwe amapita ... Wolemera moŵayo, atachita chidwi ndi zochita za Cousteau, mu 1950 anapereka ndalama zambiri zogulira “Calypso” yosiyidwayo kuchokera ku British Navy (ameneyu anali woyendetsa migodi), ndipo anabwereketsa Cousteau kwa nthawi yopanda malire kwa franc imodzi yophiphiritsa. pa chaka…
"Captain" - umu ndi momwe amatchulidwira ku France, nthawi zina amatchedwa "Captain of the Planet." Ndipo anzake anamutcha mophweka - "Mfumu". Iye ankadziwa kukopa anthu kwa iye, kusokoneza ndi chidwi chake ndi chikondi chake pa kuya kwa nyanja, kukonzekera ndi kusonkhana mu gulu, kulimbikitsa kufufuza m'malire a feat. Kenako atsogolere gulu ili kuti lipambane.
Cousteau sanali ngwazi yekha, anagwiritsa ntchito mofunitsitsa maluso a anthu omwe anali pafupi naye: luso la uinjiniya la E. Gagnan ndipo kenako A. Laban, mphatso yolembedwa ya wolemba mnzake wa buku lake lodziwika bwino “The World of Silence. ” F. Dumas, zomwe zinachitikira Pulofesa Edgerton - woyambitsa magetsi amagetsi - ndi mphamvu ya apongozi ake mu kampani ya Air Liquide, yomwe inapanga zida zapansi pamadzi ... Cousteau ankakonda kubwereza: "Pa chakudya chamadzulo, nthawi zonse sankhani. oyster yabwino kwambiri. Mwanjira imeneyi, mpaka kumapeto, oyster onse adzakhala abwino kwambiri. " Mu ntchito yake, nthawi zonse ankagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo zomwe zinalibe, iye anatulukira. Anali Wopambana weniweni m'lingaliro lachi America la mawuwa.
Mnzake wokhulupirika Andre Laban, amene Cousteau anamtenga monga woyendetsa ngalawa ndi kuyesedwa kwa mlungu umodzi ndipo kenako anayenda naye panyanja kwa zaka 20, mpaka kumapeto kwenikweni, anamuyerekezera ndi Napoleon. Gulu la Cousteau linkakonda Kaputeni wawo chifukwa asilikali a Napoleon okha amatha kukonda fano lawo. Zowona, Cousteau sanamenyere nkhondo ulamuliro wa dziko. Anamenyera kuthandizira kwa mapulogalamu ofufuza pansi pa madzi, pophunzira za Nyanja Yadziko Lonse, pofuna kukulitsa malire osati a dziko lakwawo la France, komanso la ecumene yonse, Chilengedwe chokhala ndi anthu.
Ogwira ntchito, amalinyero Cousteau anamvetsetsa kuti anali m'sitimayo kuposa antchito olembedwa. Anali amzake a m’manja, amzake am’manja, omwe anali okonzeka nthawi zonse kumutsatira kumoto, ndipo, ndithudi, m’madzi, kumene ankagwira ntchito, nthaŵi zina kwa masiku ambiri, nthaŵi zambiri ndi malipiro enaake. Ogwira ntchito onse a Calypso - chombo chokondedwa komanso chokha cha Cousteau - anamvetsa kuti anali Argonauts a m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndipo anali kutenga nawo mbali m'mbiri yakale ndipo, mwanjira ina, ulendo wongopeka, pakutulukira kwa zaka za zana lino, pa nkhondo ya anthu. mu kuya kwa nyanja, mu kuukira kopambana mu kuya kwa osadziwika ...
Mneneri Wakuya
Cousteau ali wachinyamata anakumana ndi vuto linalake limene linasintha moyo wake. Mu 1936, iye anatumikira mu panyanja ndege, ankakonda magalimoto ndi liŵiro. Zotsatira za chizolowezi ichi chinali chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri kwa mnyamatayo: iye anali ndi ngozi yaikulu ya galimoto mu galimoto ya abambo ake masewera, analandira kusamutsidwa kwa vertebrae, nthiti zambiri wosweka, punctured mapapo. Manja ake anali opuwala ...
Kumeneko, m’chipatala, m’mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri, pamene Cousteau wachichepereyo anakumana ndi mtundu wa kuunika. Monga momwe Gurdjieff, atatha chilonda cha chipolopolo, adazindikira kuti sikuloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito "mphamvu yapadera", kotero Cousteau, atakumana ndi mpikisano wosapambana, adaganiza "kubwera ndi kuyang'ana pozungulira, kuyang'ana zinthu zoonekeratu kuchokera kumbali yatsopano. Kwerani pamwamba pa phokoso ndikuyang'ana nyanja kwa nthawi yoyamba ... "Ngoziyi inaika mtanda waukulu wonenepa kwambiri pa ntchito ya woyendetsa ndege, koma inapatsa dziko lapansi wofufuza wouziridwa, makamaka - mtundu wa mneneri wa m'nyanja.
Kufunitsitsa kwapadera ndi chilakolako cha moyo chinathandiza Cousteau kuti achire kuvulala koopsa ndipo pasanathe chaka chimodzi kuti ayambe kuyenda. Ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, moyo wake unalumikizidwa, mokulira, ndi chinthu chimodzi chokha - ndi nyanja. Ndipo mu 1938 anakumana ndi Philippe Tayet, yemwe akanakhala mulungu wake mukuyenda momasuka (popanda zida za scuba). Pambuyo pake Cousteau anakumbukira kuti nthawi imeneyo moyo wake wonse unasintha, ndipo anaganiza zodzipereka yekha ku dziko la pansi pa madzi.
Cousteau ankakonda kubwereza kwa abwenzi ake: ngati mukufuna kukwaniritsa chinachake m'moyo, simuyenera kumwaza, kusuntha mbali imodzi. Osayesetsa kwambiri, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito kuyesetsa kosalekeza, kosalekeza. Ndipo ichi chinali, mwinamwake, credo ya moyo wake. Anapereka nthawi yake yonse ndi mphamvu zake pofufuza pansi pa nyanja - ku njere, kudontho, kuika zonse pa khadi limodzi. Ndipo zoyesayesa zake zinakhaladi zopatulika pamaso pa omuchirikiza.
Malinga ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake, iye anali ndi chifuniro cha mneneri komanso chikoka cha munthu wosintha zinthu. Iye anawala ndi dazzled ndi ukulu wake, monga wotchuka French "Sun King" Louis XV. Anzake ankaona Captain wawo osati munthu chabe - mlengi wa "chipembedzo chodumphira" chenichenicho, mesiya wa kafukufuku wapansi pa madzi. mesiya uyu, munthu osati wa dziko lino, munthu wodutsa, kupyola malire, kawirikawiri ankayang'ana mmbuyo kumtunda - pokhapokha pamene panalibe ndalama zokwanira za polojekiti yotsatira, ndipo pokhapokha ndalamazo zitawonekera. Ankaoneka kuti analibe malo padziko lapansi. Mtsogoleri wa dziko lapansi anatsogolera anthu ake - osiyanasiyana - mu kuya kwa nyanja.
Ndipo ngakhale kuti Cousteau sanali katswiri wosambira m’madzi, kapena katswiri wa za m’nyanja, kapena wotsogolera wovomerezeka, iye anadumphadumpha m’madzi ndipo anatsegula tsamba latsopano pakuphunzira za nyanja. Iye anali Captain wokhala ndi likulu C, mtsogoleri wa Change, wokhoza kutumiza anthu paulendo waukulu.
Cholinga chake chachikulu (chomwe Cousteau adapitako moyo wake wonse) ndikukulitsa chidziwitso chaumunthu, ndipo pamapeto pake kugonjetsa malo atsopano kuti anthu azikhalamo. mipata ya pansi pa madzi. André Laban anati: “Madzi amafika pa XNUMX peresenti ya padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo pali malo okwanira anthu onse.” Pamtunda, "pali malamulo ndi malamulo ambiri, ufulu umathetsedwa." Zikuwonekeratu kuti Labani, polankhula mawu awa, sanangonena za vuto laumwini, koma lingaliro la gulu lonse, lingaliro lomwe linasuntha gulu lonse la Cousteau patsogolo.
Umu ndi momwe Cousteau anamvetsetsera chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha Nyanja Yadziko Lonse: kukulitsa malire okhalamo anthu, kumanga mizinda pansi pamadzi. Zopeka zasayansi? Belyaev? Professor Challenger? Mwina. Kapena mwina ntchito yomwe Cousteau adagwira sinali yosangalatsa kwambiri. Kupatula apo, mapulojekiti ake ofunitsitsa kuphunzira mwayi wokhala pansi pamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali (ndipo pamapeto pake moyo wathunthu pamenepo) adapambana. "Nyumba zapansi pamadzi", "Precontinent-1", "Precontinent-2", "Precontinent-3", "Homo aquaticus". Zoyesererazo zidachitika mozama mpaka 110 metres. Zosakaniza za Helium-oksijeni zidadziwika bwino, mfundo zoyambira zothandizira moyo komanso kuwerengera njira zochepetserako zidapangidwa ...
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti zoyeserera za Cousteau sizinali malingaliro openga, opanda pake. Kuyesera kofananako kunachitikanso m'maiko ena: ku USA, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Poland, ndi mayiko aku Europe.
Amphibian Man
Cousteau sanaganizepo zakuya zosakwana 100 metres. Sanakopeke ndi mapulojekiti osavuta omwe ali osaya komanso apakati pa 10-40 metres, pomwe mpweya woponderezedwa kapena zosakaniza za nayitrogeni-oxygen zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, pomwe ntchito zambiri zapansi pamadzi zimachitika nthawi yabwinobwino. Monga ngati wapulumuka Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, anali kuyembekezera tsoka lamphamvu lapadziko lonse lapansi, kukonzekera kuti afunika kupita mwakuya kwa nthawi yayitali ... Koma izi ndi zongoyerekeza. Panthaŵiyo, akuluakulu a boma anakana kupitiriza kufufuza, poona kukwera mtengo kwake.
Mwina amawopsezedwa ndi malingaliro a "kunja", "otsutsa" a Cousteau. Chifukwa chake, adalota kupanga makina apadera a pulmonary-cardiac automata omwe amalowetsa mpweya mwachindunji m'magazi a munthu. Lingaliro lamakono ndithu. Nthawi zambiri, Cousteau anali kumbali ya kulowererapo kwa opaleshoni m'thupi la munthu kuti asinthe moyo wake pansi pamadzi. Ndiye kuti, ndidafuna pomaliza kupanga "amphibian woposa munthu" ndikumukhazika "m'madzi" ...
Cousteau wakhala akukopeka ndi kuya osati monga katswiri wa chilengedwe kapena masewera, koma monga mpainiya wa moyo watsopano. Mu 1960, adatenga nawo gawo pokonzekera mbiri yakale (yokhayo yopangidwa ndi anthu!) Kusambira kwa katswiri wazamanyanja wa ku Switzerland, Pulofesa Jacques Picard ndi US Navy Lieutenant Donald Walsh pa Trieste bathyscaphe kulowa m'dera lakuya kwambiri la nyanja ("Challenger). Kuzama ") - Mariana Ngalande (kuya 10 920 m). Pulofesayo adatsika mpaka kuzama kwamamita 3200, ndikubwerezanso m'moyo weniweni ulendo wa ngwazi yodziwika bwino ya sayansi Conan Doyle, Pulofesa Challenger wamisala yochokera ku buku lakuti The Maracot Phompho (1929). Cousteau adapereka kafukufuku wapansi pamadzi paulendowu.
Koma ziyenera kumveka kuti monga Picard ndi Walsh sanadumphire chifukwa cha kutchuka, kotero kuti "Argonauts" amphamvu a Cousteau sanagwire ntchito kuti alembe, mosiyana ndi ena, tinene kuti akatswiri. Mwachitsanzo, Labani ananena mosabisa mawu othamanga oterowo kuti “openga.” Mwa njira, Labani, wojambula bwino, kumapeto kwa moyo wake anayamba kujambula zithunzi zake zapamadzi ... pansi pa madzi. N'kutheka kuti maloto a "Challenger" a Cousteau amamuvutitsa lero.
Ecology Cousteau
Monga mukudziwa, "baron amadziwika osati chifukwa chakuti adawuluka kapena sanawuluke, koma chifukwa chakuti samanama." Cousteau sanadumphire pansi kuti asangalale, kuwonera nsomba zikusambira pakati pa miyala yamchere, komanso ngakhale kuwombera filimu yosangalatsa. Mosadziwa, adakopa anthu ambiri (omwe ali kutali kwambiri ndi malire a odziwika) kuzinthu zofalitsa zomwe tsopano zikugulitsidwa pansi pa malonda a National Geographic ndi BBC. Cousteau anali wachilendo ku lingaliro lopanga chithunzi chokongola chosuntha.
Odyssey Cousteau lero
Sitima yodziwika bwino yotchedwa Jacques-Yves, yomwe inamutumikira mokhulupirika, inamira padoko la Singapore mu 1996, ndipo mwangozi inagundana ndi bwato. Chaka chino, polemekeza zaka XNUMX za kubadwa kwa Cousteau, mkazi wake wachiŵiri, Francine, anaganiza zopatsa malemu mwamuna wake mphatso yochedwa. Iye ananena kuti mkati mwa chaka chimodzi sitimayo ibwerera ku ulemerero wake wonse. Pakalipano, sitimayo ikuyamba kubadwanso, ikubwezeretsedwanso pamadoko a Consarno (Brittany), ndikugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zowononga zachilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, chombocho chidzagwedezeka ndi hemp tow) - sitimayo, malinga ndi mafashoni. , adzakhala "wobiriwira" ...
Zingawoneke ngati chifukwa chosangalalira ndikukhumba "mapazi asanu ndi limodzi pansi pa keel"? Komabe, nkhaniyi isiya malingaliro awiri: Tsamba la Cousteau Team likuti sitimayo idzayang'ananso mlengalenga ngati kazembe wokomera komanso kuyang'anira zachilengedwe m'nyanja zisanu ndi ziwiri. Koma pali mphekesera kuti, pambuyo pa kubwezeretsedwa kwa sitimayo, Francine adzakonza nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yothandizidwa ndi America ku Caribbean kuchokera ku Calypso. Zinalidi zotulukapo zoterozo zimene Cousteau mwiniyo anatsutsa mu 1980, kusonyeza kaimidwe kake momvekera bwino kuti: “Ndingakonde kuuthira madzi m’malo mousandutsa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. Sindikufuna kuti sitima yodziwika bwinoyi igulidwe, kuti anthu akwere ndikukhala ndi mapikiniki pamasitepe. Chabwino, sititenga nawo mbali pa pikiniki. Ndikokwanira kuti tikumbukire loto la Cousteau, lomwe limayambitsa nkhawa - munthu wodutsa.
Chiyembekezo, monga nthawi zonse, kwa m'badwo watsopano: kapena kani, kwa mwana wa Jacques-Yves, yemwe kuyambira ali mwana anali paliponse ndi abambo ake, adagawana chikondi chake panyanja ndi maulendo apansi pamadzi, anasambira pansi pa madzi m'nyanja zonse kuchokera ku Alaska kupita ku Cape. Horn, ndipo atapeza talente ya womanga nyumba, adayamba kuganizira mozama za nyumba komanso mizinda yonse ... Anatenganso masitepe angapo mbali imeneyi. Zowona, mpaka pano Jean-Michel, yemwe ndevu zake zayamba kale imvi, ngakhale maso ake abuluu amayakabe mozama ngati nyanja ndi moto, wakhumudwitsidwa ndi ntchito yake ya "Atlantis yatsopano". "Bwanji kudziletsa modzifunira masana ndi kusokoneza kulankhulana kwa anthu pakati pawo?" ananena mwachidule zimene analephera kusamutsa anthu m’madzi.
Tsopano Jean-Michel, yemwe watenga ntchito ya abambo ake m'njira yakeyake, akugwira nawo ntchito za chilengedwe, kuyesera kupulumutsa kuya kwa nyanja ndi anthu okhalamo ku imfa. Ndipo ntchito yake ndi yosalekeza. Chaka chino, Cousteau akukwanitsa zaka 100. Pankhani imeneyi, bungwe la United Nations lalengeza kuti chaka cha 2010 ndi Chaka Chapadziko Lonse cha Zamoyo Zosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi iye, zatsala pang'ono kutha padziko lapansi kuchokera pa 12 mpaka 52 peresenti ya zamoyo zomwe zimadziwika ndi sayansi ...