Occiput imapanga kumbuyo kwa mutu, ndi gawo lake lakumbuyo ndi lapakati. Zimapanga gawo la fupa la occipital, fupa lomwe ndi limodzi mwa mafupa asanu ndi atatu omwe amapanga chigaza ndipo, cholumikizidwa pamwamba pa msana, amalola makamaka kusuntha mutu kuchokera pansi, komanso kutenga nawo mbali mu kuthandizira mutu chifukwa cha mitsempha, komanso chitetezo cha ubongo. Ndipotu, ndi mbali yotuluka ya chigaza chakumbuyo. Ikhoza, monga mafupa ena a thupi, kukhudzidwa ndi matenda a mafupa, zotupa ndi zotupa makamaka, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasamalidwa kapena kuchiza.

Occiput ili kumbuyo kwa mutu, kumbuyo: ndilo gawo lakumbuyo la chigaza. Ndi chidutswa cha fupa la occipital, fupa ili ndi limodzi mwa mafupa asanu ndi atatu omwe amapanga chigaza.

M'malo mwake, occiput ndi gawo la chigaza chomwe chimagwirizana ndi dera la inion komanso gawo lolunjika la sikelo ya fupa la occipital. The inion ndi mfundo yomwe ili pa mgwirizano wa mizere ya khosi (yotchedwa nuchal mizere, kumene minofu imayikidwa) kumtunda kumanja ndi kumanzere, m'munsi mwa protuberance yakunja ya occipital, ndiko kunena kuti gawo la chigaza lomwe limapanga 'amapitirira chammbuyo.

Occiput ndi yozungulira, mawonekedwe ovoid. Mphuno ya occipital, yomwe ili ndi occiput, imapanga maziko a chigaza kumbali ya khosi, ndipo imaphatikizapo dzenje pakati pake lomwe limalola kuti chiyambi cha msana chidutse, kumene msana umayikidwa.

Wopangidwa ndi fupa, fupa la occipital limapangidwa ndi:

• pakatikati pake: foramen magnum, yomwe ndi khomo lalikulu lomwe lili m'munsi mwa fupa, kumene msana wa msana umayikidwa;
• kuzungulira izo, sutures, zomwe zimagwirizanitsa fupa la occipital ndi mafupa ena a chigaza omwe ali pafupi ndi iwo: amatchedwa lambdoid sutures; amagwirizanitsa fupa la occipital ili ku mafupa osakhalitsa ndi mafupa a parietal. Kuonjezera apo, fupa la occipital limagwirizananso ndi fupa la sphenoid, mwala wapangodya wa tsinde la chigaza chifukwa limafotokozera mafupa onse a chigaza ndikuwagwira, ndi ma atlas, vertebra yoyamba ya msana;
• malo ang'onoang'ono otukukira, omwe amakhala mbali zonse za foramen magnum. Otchedwa occipital condyles, malo awa omwe amalankhulana ndi vertebra yoyamba ya chiberekero, yotchedwa atlas, motero amapanga kufotokozera komwe kumapangitsa kuti mutu usunthidwe mmwamba ndi pansi, monga chizindikiro cha kuvomereza; 
• minyewa ya hypoglossal (ie, yomwe ili pansi pa lilime) ili kumunsi kwa chigaza, ili pamwamba pa occipital condyle.
• mizere ya nuchal (ya khosi), yapamwamba ndi yotsika, imalola kuyika kwa minofu.

Thandizo lamutu

Occiput imathandiza kuthandizira mutu. Thandizo limeneli limatheka chifukwa cha ligament lalikulu, fibrous ndi zotanuka: zimachokera kunja kwa protuberance ya occiput kupita ku vertebra yachisanu ndi chiwiri ya chiberekero.

Kuteteza ubongo

Pokhala mbali ya mafupa omwe amapanga chigaza, occiput amatenga nawo mbali pachitetezo cha ubongo, kapena encephalon, yomwe ili mkati mwa mafupa awa a chigaza.

Mitundu itatu yayikulu ya matenda a mafupa imatha kukhudza occiput, izi ndi zotupa, zotupa, kapena matenda a Paget:

Zotupa za Occiput panthawi yowopsya

Mofanana ndi mafupa ena m'thupi, occiput ikhoza kuonongeka, panthawi yachisokonezo ndi kugwa, zomwe zingathe kapena sizingafike ku ubongo. Izi ndi ming'alu ngati chiwopsezocho chili chochepa, ndipo chimasweka chikakhudza kwambiri. Ubongo ukakhudzidwa, kudzakhala kuvulala kwaubongo, komwe kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zochepa, ndipo nthawi zina kumakhala koopsa. Anthu ambiri amavulala m’mutu chifukwa cha ngozi zapamsewu. Popewa, chisoti ndi chofunikira, makamaka panjinga yamoto kapena panjinga.

Mafupa am'mafupa

Pakati pa ma pathologies omwe angakhudze mafupa, pali zotupa za fupa, kuphatikizapo spheno-occipital chordoma (chotupa chosowa chachikulu cha fupa, kukula pang'onopang'ono, koma komweko, ndipo ma metastases ake ndi osowa komanso mochedwa). Kukhudzidwa kwa mafupa kuchokera ku chotupa cha fupa kumatha kukhala cartilage kapena chiyambi cha fupa.

Matenda a Paget

Matenda a Paget, matenda osowa kwambiri omwe amakhudza kwambiri anthu azaka zapakati pa 50, amagwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mafupa. Choncho matenda akhoza kusonyeza ngati kukulitsa chigaza. Komanso, kuwonongeka kwa chigaza nthawi zina kumayambitsa mutu.

Chithandizo cha kuvulala kwamutu

• Kuvulala kwa cranial kuyenera kusamalidwa mwachangu ndi ntchito ya neurosurgery. Choyamba, wodwalayo ayenera kudzutsidwa pafupipafupi kuti adziwe extradural hematoma. Pazidzidzidzi, dokotalayo angasankhe kupanga dzenje losakhalitsa. Izi zidzathandiza kuchepetsa ubongo. Kenaka wodwalayo adzasamutsidwa kumalo apadera.
• Kupwetekedwa mutu kungathe, ngati kuli kofunikira, pambuyo pake, kukhala mutu wa kukonzanso kosinthika, nthawi zambiri kumalo okonzanso ndi kukonzanso mwapadera.

Chithandizo cha zotupa

• Ponena za spheno-occipital chordoma, chithandizo chimachokera pa opaleshoni yochotsa, mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa gawo la fupa la chotupa.
• Pankhani ya mankhwala ndi zomera zomwe zingakhoze kuchita motsutsana ndi zotupa: ponena za zakudya zowonjezera, mistletoe ndi chomera chomwe chimalimbikitsidwa kwambiri pochiza khansa. Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana amakonda kusonyeza kuti Tingafinye mistletoe amachepetsa mavuto ndi bwino moyo wa odwala. Kuphatikiza apo, mistletoe imathandizira kuchepetsa kutopa ndikumalimbitsa mtima wodwala.

Komabe, samalani ndi zotsatira zoipa za kugwiritsa ntchito mistletoe kwa nthawi yaitali pa maselo oyera a magazi, kapena T lymphocytes. Ambiri, mankhwala aliwonse ndi zomera ayenera kumvera malangizo achipatala. Pankhaniyi, mistletoe akhoza kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi, ndi kucheza ndi mankhwala kwa matenda oopsa ndi mtima arrhythmia.

Chithandizo cha matenda a Paget

Nthawi zambiri, matenda a Paget ndi ofatsa ndipo amakula pang'onopang'ono. Mu mitundu yowawa kwambiri, mankhwalawa angaphatikizepo ma bisphosphonates ndi analgesics, kuti athane ndi ululu.

Kuzindikira kwa mafupa omwe ali ndi vuto la mafupa makamaka kumachokera ku njira zofananira, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi anatomo-pathology, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka makamaka kuyesa mawonekedwe a chotupa, makamaka minofu yomwe imatengedwa (yotchedwa biopsy), kapena kusanthula kwachipatala.

• Kuzindikira kwa ming'alu kapena fracture kudzatsimikiziridwa ndi kujambula, x-ray ya chigaza, komanso CT scan, kapena MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) kuti awone ngati ubongo umakhudzidwa kapena ayi.
• Kuzindikira kwa chotupa cha fupa kumatha kupangidwa kudzera pa X-ray komanso pogwiritsa ntchito biopsy. Zotupa, monga chordoma nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zizindikiro zakumapeto (spheno-occipital chordoma nthawi zambiri amapezeka zaka za 40, ndi kuchedwa kwachidziwitso nthawi zonse. kuti muwone kukula kwa chotupacho, chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera achire komanso momwe wodwalayo alili.
• Kupezeka kwa matenda a Paget kudzadziwika kudzera mu kuyezetsa magazi, x-ray kapena fupa.