Ventricle yakumanzere (ventricle: kuchokera ku Latin ventriculus, kutanthauza kuti mimba yaying'ono) ndi kapangidwe ka mtima, komwe kamagwira ntchito ngati njira yolowera magazi okhala ndi okosijeni m'thupi.

malo. Ili pamtunda wa mediastinum yapakati mkati mwa thorax, mtima umagawidwa kumanja ndi kumanzere. Chigawo chilichonse chili ndi zipinda ziwiri, atrium ndi ventricle (1). Mpweya wakumanzere umachokera ku atrioventricular orifice (pakati pa atrium ndi ventricle) mpaka pamwamba pa mtima (2) .

Mapangidwe onse. Chiphuphu chakumanzere chimapanga kabowo komangidwa ndi (1):   

• interventicular septum, khoma lolekanitsa ndi ventricle yoyenera, pakatikati pake;
• atrioventricular septum, khoma laling'ono lolekanitsa ndi atrium yoyenera, pakati ndi pamwamba pake;
• valavu ya mitral, valavu yolekanitsa kumanzere kwa atrium, pamwamba pake;
• valavu ya aortic, valavu yolekanitsa ndi aorta, pansi pake.

Kapangidwe ka mkati. Kumanzere kwa ventricle kumakhala ndi minofu ya trabeculae (minofu), komanso minofu ya papillary. Izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mitral valve ndi zingwe za tendon (1).

Wall. Khoma la ventricle yakumanzere ndi lalitali kuwirikiza katatu kuposa la ventricle yakumanja. Apangidwa ndi zigawo zitatu (1):

• endocardium, wosanjikiza wamkati wopangidwa ndi ma cell a endothelial omwe amakhala pamitsempha yolumikizana;
• myocardium, wosanjikiza wapakati wopangidwa ndi ulusi wa striated minofu;
• pericardium, wosanjikiza wakunja womwe ukukuta mtima.

Kutulutsa minofu. Kumanzere kwa ventricle kumaperekedwa ndi zotengera zam'mitsempha (1).

Njira yamagazi. Magazi amazungulira mbali imodzi kupyolera mu mtima ndi dongosolo la magazi. Atrium yakumanzere imalandira magazi ochuluka kuchokera ku mitsempha ya m'mapapo. Magaziwa amadutsa mu mitral valve kukafika kumanzere kwa ventricle. Mkati mwake, magazi amadutsa mu valavu ya aorta kukafika ku msempha ndi kugawidwa m'thupi lonse (1).

Kutsika kwa ventricular. Kudutsa kwa magazi kudzera kumanzere kwa ventricle kumatsatira kayendedwe ka mtima. Yotsirizirayo imagawidwa m'magawo awiri: systole, gawo la kupanikizika ndi diastole, gawo la kupuma (1) (3).

• Ventricular systole. Ventricular systole imayamba kumapeto kwa diastole, pamene ventricle yakumanzere imadzazidwa ndi magazi. Valve ya mitral imatseka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kupanikizika kuchuluke kumanzere kwa ventricle. Kuthamanga kwa magazi kumayambitsa kukangana kwa ventricle yakumanzere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti valavu ya aortic itseguke. Kenako magazi amachotsedwa kudzera mumsempha. Kumanzere kwa ventricle kumatuluka ndipo valavu ya aorta imatseka.
• Ventricular diastole. Ventricular diastole imayamba kumapeto kwa systole, pamene ventricle yakumanzere ilibe kanthu. Kupanikizika mkati mwa ventricle kumatsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitral valve itseguke. Kenako ventricle yakumanzere imadzaza ndi magazi, ochokera kumanzere kwa atrium.

Ma pathologies ena amatha kukhudza ventricle yakumanzere ndi kapangidwe kake. Zitha kukhala zomwe zimayambitsa kugunda kwa mtima kosakhazikika, kutchedwa cardiac arrhythmias, kugunda kothamanga kwambiri, komwe kumatchedwa tachycardias, kapena kupweteka pachifuwa.

Valvulopathie. Imawonetsa ma pathologies onse omwe amakhudza ma valve a mtima, makamaka valavu ya mphesa ndi valavu ya aortic. Njira ya ma pathologieswa imatha kuyambitsa kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka mtima ndi kufalikira kwa ventricle yakumanzere. Zizindikiro za izi zingaphatikizepo kung'ung'udza kwa mtima, kugunda, kapena kusapeza bwino (4) (5).

Myocardial infarction. Komanso amatchedwa matenda a mtima, myocardial infarction limafanana ndi kuwonongedwa kwa mbali ya myocardium. Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa ndikutsekeka kwa mtsempha wamagazi womwe umapereka myocardium. Popanda mpweya, maselo a myocardial amafa ndikuwonongeka. Kuwonongeka kumeneku kumabweretsa kukanika kwa kugunda kwa mtima komwe kungayambitse kuyima kwa mtima. Myocardial infarction imawonetsedwa makamaka ndi kusakhazikika kwamtima kapena kulephera kwa mtima (6).

angina pectoris. Amatchedwanso angina, angina pectoris amafanana ndi ululu wopondereza komanso wozama mu thorax. Zimachitika nthawi zambiri pochita zolimbitsa thupi koma zimatha kuwonekeranso panthawi yamavuto komanso nthawi zambiri pakupuma. Chifukwa cha ululu uwu ndi kusakwanira kwa mpweya ku myocardium. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa cha ma pathologies omwe amakhudza mitsempha yamagazi, yomwe imayambitsa kuthirira kwa myocardium (7).

Matenda a m'mapapo. Matendawa amafanana ndi kutupa kwa pericardium. Zomwe zimayambitsa zimatha kukhala zosiyanasiyana koma chiyambi chake nthawi zambiri chimakhala matenda a bakiteriya kapena ma virus. Zotupazi zimatha kuyambitsanso kutulutsa kwamadzimadzi komwe kumatsogolera ku tamponade (1). Chotsatiracho chimadziwika ndi kukanidwa kwa mtima ndi madzi, kulepheretsa kugwira ntchito bwino.

Chithandizo cha mankhwala. Kutengera ndi matenda omwe amapezeka, mankhwala osiyanasiyana amatha kuperekedwa monga anticoagulants, anti-aggregants, kapena anti-ischemic agents.

Chithandizo cha opaleshoni. Malingana ndi ma pathology omwe amapezeka, opaleshoni ikhoza kuchitidwa. Kuyika kwa valve prosthesis kumatha mwachitsanzo nthawi zina za matenda a valve.

Kufufuza mwakuthupi. Choyamba, kufufuza kwachipatala kumachitidwa kuti aphunzire kugunda kwa mtima makamaka ndikuwunika zizindikiro zomwe wodwalayo amaziwona monga kupuma pang'ono kapena kupuma.

Kuyesa kuyerekezera kwachipatala. Kuti mutsimikizire kapena kutsimikizira matenda, ultrasound ya mtima, kapena doppler ultrasound ikhoza kuchitidwa. Zitha kuwonjezeredwa ndi coronary angiography, CT scan, cardiac scintigraphy, kapena MRI.

Electrocardiogram. Mayesowa amakulolani kusanthula ntchito zamagetsi zamtima.

Electrocardiogramme d'effort. Mayesowa amachititsa kuti athe kusanthula mphamvu zamagetsi pamtima panthawi yolimbitsa thupi.

Dokotala wa opareshoni waku South Africa wazaka za m'ma 20 Christiaan Barnard ndi wodziwika bwino pomuika munthu wodwala mtima woyamba. Mu 1967, adayika mtima kuchokera kwa mtsikana wina yemwe anamwalira pangozi ya galimoto kupita kwa mwamuna yemwe anali ndi matenda a mitsempha ya m'mitsempha. Wodwalayu apulumuka pambuyo pa opaleshoniyo koma adzafa ndi chibayo patatha masiku 18 (8). Chiyambireni kumuika kopambana kumeneku, kupita patsogolo kwachipatala kwapitilizidwa monga zikusonyezedwa ndi zoyesayesa zaposachedwapa za kuika munthu wina kuchokera ku mtima wochita kupanga.