Mkaka ndi chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa mikangano yambiri pakati pa anthu omwe amadya zamasamba ndipo, makamaka, aliyense amene amayesa kumamatira ku zakudya zabwino. Mkaka nthawi zambiri umawonedwa ngati mankhwala othana ndi zovuta zonse, kapena, mosiyana, chinthu chovulaza kwambiri: zonse ndi zolakwika. Sititenga vuto kuti tifotokoze mwachidule zonse za sayansi za ubwino ndi kuvulaza kotheka kwa mkaka, koma lero tiyesa kupeza mfundo zina.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti mkaka si chakumwa, koma chakudya chopatsa thanzi komanso chopatsa thanzi kwa anthu. Zomwe zili ndi katundu wake wapadera, teknoloji yophika, malamulo ogwirizana komanso osagwirizana ndi zinthu zina. Mukamamwa mkaka, mutha kupanga zolakwika zingapo, zomwe zimatsogolera ku malingaliro onyenga opanda pake okhudza kuopsa kwa mkaka. Ngati pali kukayikira kulikonse, nthawi zonse ndi bwino kukaonana ndi dokotala. Pansipa tikupereka chidziwitso, chidziwitso, chopangidwira akuluakulu athanzi.
Zochititsa chidwi (ndi nthano) za mkaka:
Chifukwa chachikulu chimene anthu amamwa mkaka masiku ano ndi chifukwa chakuti uli ndi calcium yambiri. Mu 100 ml ya mkaka, pafupifupi, pafupifupi 120 mg wa calcium! Kuphatikiza apo, ndi mkaka womwe umakhala ngati mawonekedwe amunthu. Calcium yochokera ku mkaka imayamwa bwino kuphatikiza ndi vitamini D: yocheperako imapezeka mu mkaka wokha, koma imatha kutengedwanso (kuchokera ku vitamini wowonjezera). Nthawi zina mkaka umakhala ndi vitamini D: ndizomveka kuti mkaka woterewu ndi gwero labwino kwambiri la calcium pamene ukusowa.
Pali lingaliro lakuti mkaka uli ndi "shuga", kotero kuti ndi wovulaza. Izi sizowona: chakudya chamkaka ndi lactose, osati sucrose. "Shuga", yomwe ili mu mkaka, sikuti imathandizira kukula kwa microflora ya pathogenic, koma mosiyana. Lactose kuchokera mkaka amapanga lactic acid, amene amawononga putrefactive microflora. Lactose imaphwanyidwanso kukhala shuga (“mafuta” aakulu m’thupi) ndi galactose, amene amavulaza anthu azaka zoposa 40 zakubadwa. Mukawiritsa, lactose yathyoledwa kale pang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kugaya mosavuta.
Potaziyamu mu mkaka (ngakhale wopanda mafuta) ndi woposa calcium: 146 mg pa 100 ml. Potaziyamu ndi mchere wofunikira womwe umasunga madzi abwino (madzi) m'thupi. Ili ndilo "yankho" ku vuto lenileni lamakono la kutaya madzi m'thupi. Ndi potaziyamu, osati kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amamwa mu malita, zomwe zimathandiza kusunga chinyezi chokwanira m'thupi. Madzi onse osasungidwa adzachoka m'thupi, akutsuka osati "poizoni", komanso mchere wothandiza. Kudya potaziyamu wokwanira kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda amtima ndi theka!
Pali lingaliro loti mkaka umakhala wowawasa m'mimba mwa munthu, umakhala wopindika, chifukwa chake amati mkaka ndi wowopsa. Izi ndi zoona pang'ono: pansi pa zochita za hydrochloric acid ndi michere ya m'mimba, mkaka "wokhazikika", umapindika kukhala ma flakes ang'onoang'ono. Koma izi ndizochitika zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta - osati zovuta! - chimbudzi. Umu ndi momwe chilengedwe chimafunira. Osachepera chifukwa cha makinawa, digestibility ya mapuloteni kuchokera mkaka kufika 96-98%. Kuphatikiza apo, mafuta amkaka amakwanira kwa anthu, amakhala ndi mafuta onse odziwika bwino.
Ma yogurts, etc., sangathe kukonzekera kuchokera kuzinthu zopangidwa kale kunyumba, izi ndi zathanzi ndipo ndizomwe zimayambitsa poizoni wambiri, kuphatikizapo. mwa ana. Kuti afufuze mkaka, sagwiritsa ntchito spoonful ya yogurt yogulidwa m'sitolo (!), Koma chikhalidwe chogulidwa chapadera, ndi luso lapadera. Kukhalapo kwa wopanga yogurt sikutsimikiziranso zolakwika pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake!
Mosiyana ndi nthano, zitini zokhala ndi mkaka wosakanizidwa ndi zitsulo zapoizoni.
Mu mkaka wophikidwa - mavitamini, koma kuchuluka kwa mafuta osungunuka mosavuta, calcium ndi chitsulo.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mahomoni poweta nyama m'gawo la Russian Federation ndikoletsedwa - mosiyana ndi United States, kumene mauthenga oopsya nthawi zina amabwera kwa ife. "Mahomoni mu mkaka" ndi nthano yotchuka yotsutsana ndi sayansi pakati pa zinyama. Ng'ombe za mkaka, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafakitale, zimabzalidwa ndi kusankha, zomwe, kuphatikizapo zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zambiri, zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuwonjezera zokolola za mkaka ndi 10 kapena kuposa. (za vuto la mahomoni mu mkaka).
Amakhulupirira kuti mkaka woposa 3% mafuta umapezeka mwa kusakaniza mkaka ndi zonona kapena kuwonjezera mafuta. Izi sizili choncho: mkaka wa ng'ombe ukhoza kukhala ndi mafuta okwana 6%.
Nthano yonena za kuopsa kwa casein, puloteni yomwe imapanga pafupifupi 85% ya mafuta a mkaka, imatchukanso. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, amanyalanyaza mfundo yosavuta: casein (monga mapuloteni ena aliwonse) amawonongedwa kale pa kutentha kwa 45 ° C, ndipo ndithudi "ndi chitsimikizo" - pamene yophika! Casein ili ndi zonse, kuphatikizapo kashiamu yomwe ilipo, choncho ndi mapuloteni ofunikira m'zakudya. Ndipo osati poizoni, monga ena amakhulupirira.
Mkaka sumayenda bwino ndi nthochi (zophatikiza zotchuka, kuphatikiza ku India), koma zimatha kupita bwino ndi zipatso zina zingapo, monga mango. Mkaka wozizira ndi woopsa kumwa zonse zokha komanso - makamaka - kuphatikiza ndi zipatso (mkaka kugwedeza, mkaka smoothie).
Za mkaka wowiritsa:
Bwanji kuphika mkaka? Kuchotsa (ayenera) kukhalapo kwa mabakiteriya owopsa. Mwachidziwikire, mabakiteriya oterowo amapezeka mkaka watsopano womwe sunakhalepo ndi chithandizo chilichonse chodzitetezera. Kumwa mkaka pansi pa ng'ombe - kuphatikizapo "yodziwika", "yoyandikana nayo" - ndizoopsa kwambiri pachifukwa ichi.
Mkaka umene umagulitsidwa mumsewu wogawa suyenera kuwiritsidwa kachiwiri - wakhala pasteurized. Ndi kutentha kulikonse komanso makamaka kuwira kwa mkaka, timachepetsa zomwe zili zothandiza mmenemo, kuphatikizapo calcium ndi mapuloteni: zimakhala pa kutentha kwa mankhwala.
Sikuti aliyense amadziwa kuti mkaka wowiritsa siwoteteza 100% ku mabakiteriya owopsa. Tizilombo tosamva kutentha monga Staphylococcus aureus kapena choyambitsa chifuwa chachikulu cha m'mimba sichichotsedwa konse ndi kuwira kunyumba.
Pasteurization si yotentha. "Kutengera ndi mtundu ndi katundu wa zinthu zopangira chakudya, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pasteurization imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pali yaitali (pa kutentha kwa 63-65 ° C kwa mphindi 30-40), yochepa (pa kutentha kwa 85-90 ° C kwa mphindi 0,5-1) ndi pasteurization nthawi yomweyo (pa kutentha kwa 98 ° C). kwa masekondi angapo). Pamene mankhwala ndi usavutike mtima kwa masekondi pang'ono kutentha pamwamba 100 °, ndi mwambo kulankhula kopitilira muyeso-pasteurization. ().
Mkaka wokhala ndi pasteurized si wobala, kapena "wakufa," monga ena olimbikitsa zakudya zosaphika amanenera, motero ukhoza kukhala ndi mabakiteriya opindulitsa (ndi ovulaza!). Phukusi lotsegulidwa la mkaka wosakanizidwa sayenera kusungidwa kutentha kwa nthawi yaitali.
Masiku ano, mitundu ina ya mkaka ndi ultra-pasteurized kapena. Mkaka woterewu ndi wotetezeka momwe mungathere (kuphatikizapo ana). Koma nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zothandiza zimachotsedwamo. Kusakaniza kwa vitamini-supplement nthawi zina kumawonjezeredwa ku mkaka wotere ndipo mafuta amawongoleredwa kuti azitha kupanga bwino. Mkaka wa UHT pakadali pano ndiye njira yapamwamba kwambiri yopangira mkaka kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikusunga mankhwala opindulitsa. Mosiyana ndi nthano, UHT sichichotsa mavitamini ndi mchere mu mkaka.
Mkaka wothira komanso ngakhale wa ufa susiyana ndi mkaka wathunthu malinga ndi kapangidwe ka ma amino acid ndi mavitamini. Komabe, popeza kuti mafuta amkaka amagayidwa mosavuta, n’zopanda nzeru kumwa mkaka wosanjikizana ndi kubwezeretsanso zofunika za mapuloteni m’njira ina.
Mkaka waufa (ufa) sunafufuzidwe, umakhala wopatsa thanzi komanso wopatsa mphamvu kwambiri, umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza. muzakudya zamasewera komanso zakudya za omanga thupi (onani: casein).
Amakhulupirira kuti zoteteza kapena maantibayotiki amawonjezedwa ku mkaka wogulidwa m'sitolo. Izi sizowona kwathunthu. Maantibayotiki mu mkaka. Koma mkaka umadzazidwa m'matumba 6-wosanjikiza. Uwu ndiye phukusi lazakudya lapamwamba kwambiri lomwe likupezeka masiku ano ndipo limatha kusunga mkaka kapena madzi a zipatso kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi (pamikhalidwe yoyenera). Koma ukadaulo wopanga ma CD awa umafunikira kutsekereza kokwanira, ndipo izi zimathekanso kudzera mu mankhwala. hydrogen peroxide, sulfure dioxide, ozoni, chisakanizo cha hydrogen peroxide ndi acetic acid. za kuopsa kwa kulongedza katundu wotero pa thanzi!
Pali nthano yoti mkaka uli ndi ma radionuclides. Izi siziri zokha (chifukwa mankhwala a mkaka amadutsa rad. control), komanso zopanda nzeru, chifukwa. Mkaka wokha ndiwo njira yabwino kwambiri yodzitetezera ku radiation kapena kuyeretsa thupi la radionuclides.
Kodi kukonzekera mkaka?
Ngati simusunga ng'ombe pafamu yanu, yomwe nthawi zonse imayang'aniridwa ndi veterinarian - kutanthauza kuti simungamwe mkaka watsopano - iyenera kuwiritsidwa (kutenthedwa). Ndi kutentha kulikonse, mkaka umataya kukoma ("organoleptic", mwasayansi) ndi mankhwala othandiza. katundu - kotero kuti amangofunika kubweretsedwa ku malo otentha kamodzi (osati otentha), kenako atakhazikika ku kutentha kosangalatsa kumwa ndi kuledzera. Mkaka, mkati mwa maola 1 mutatha kuyamwitsa, mutachiritsidwa motere kuchokera ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kuledzera, umatengedwa kuti ndi watsopano.
Ndi bwino kuwonjezera zonunkhira ku mkaka - amawongolera mphamvu ya mkaka pa Doshas (mitundu yamalamulo malinga ndi Ayurveda). Zokometsera ndizoyenera mkaka (zitsine, palibenso): turmeric, green cardamom, sinamoni, ginger, safironi, nutmeg, cloves, fennel, nyenyezi ya nyenyezi, etc. Zonse mwa zonunkhirazi zaphunzira bwino ku Ayurveda.
Malingana ndi Ayurveda, ngakhale uchi wabwino kwambiri wotentha komanso wochuluka kwambiri mkaka wowira umakhala poizoni, umapanga "ama" (slags).
Mkaka wa turmeric nthawi zambiri umatchedwa mkaka wa "golide". ndi zokongola komanso zothandiza. Ndikoyenera kulingalira, komabe, kuti malinga ndi chidziwitso chaposachedwapa, Indian turmeric yotsika mtengo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi lead! Perekani zokonda zogulitsa zabwino; musagule ma turmeric ku bazaar ya anthu aku India. Moyenera, gulani "organic" turmeric kuchokera kwa mlimi, kapena "organic" yovomerezeka. Kupanda kutero, kukoma kwa “golide” kudzagwadi ngati katundu wolemetsa pa thanzi.
Mkaka wokhala ndi safironi umatsitsimula, amamwa m'mawa. Mkaka wokhala ndi nutmeg (kuwonjezera pang'ono) umachepetsa, ndipo amamwa madzulo, koma osati kale kuposa maola 2-3 asanagone: mkaka woledzera atangotsala pang'ono kugona, "usiku" - amafupikitsa moyo. Akatswiri ena a zakudya zaku America tsopano amamwa mkaka m'mawa.
Mkaka umabweretsedwa ku chithupsa pa kutentha kochepa kapena kwapakati - apo ayi chithovu chimapangidwa mochuluka. Kapena mkaka ukhoza kuyaka.
Mkaka uli ndi mafuta ambiri, zopatsa mphamvu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mkaka umamwa kunja kwa chakudya chachikulu, ndipo umakhutiritsa kumverera kwa njala, zimatenga nthawi yaitali kuti zigayidwe. Chifukwa chake, sikoyenera kuda nkhawa ndi kunenepa chifukwa chomwa mkaka wa 200-300 g patsiku. Mwasayansi, kumwa mkaka wotere sikukhudza kunenepa kapena kuchepa.
Chamoyo chosowa chimatha kuyamwa mkaka wopitilira 300 ml nthawi imodzi. Koma supuni ya mkaka idzagaya pafupifupi mimba iliyonse. A kutumikira mkaka ayenera anatsimikiza payekha! Kukula kwa kusowa kwa lactase ku Russia kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi dera (onani).
Mofanana ndi zakumwa zina zamadzimadzi, mkaka umapangitsa kuti thupi likhale losakwanira pamene wamwa mozizira kapena kutentha kwambiri. Mkaka ndi Kuwonjezera uzitsine soda alkalizes. Mkaka wofunda pang'ono. Mkaka sayenera kuzizira kapena kutentha. Imwani mkaka pa kutentha komwe kumaperekedwa kwa makanda. Mkaka wokhala ndi shuga wowonjezera udzakhala wowawasa (monganso madzi a mandimu okhala ndi shuga): kotero kuwonjezera shuga ndikosayenera pokhapokha ngati mukudwala kusowa tulo.
Mkaka umatengedwa bwino mosiyana ndi zakudya zina. Monga ngati kudya vwende.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuwerenga kothandiza:
• Ndikufuna kudziwa ubwino wa mkaka;
· . Nkhani yachipatala;
· Tsatanetsatane mkaka;
· Nkhani yofotokoza ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mkaka ku gulu la intaneti;
za mkaka. Chidziwitso cha sayansi lero.