Mold
Mawu oti "nkhungu" amadziwika kwa aliyense wa ife, ndipo aliyense amadziwa momwe chinthuchi chikuwonekera. Koma si onse amene ankaganiza za chimene chiri kwenikweni ndi kumene chimachokera m’nyumba mwathu. Tsopano tikambirana basi.
Nkhungu imatchedwa tizilombo tosaoneka bwino tomwe timapanga tizilombo tosaoneka bwino pamwamba pa matupi achilengedwe, kuchititsa kuti chakudya chiwonongeke.
Dziko Lathu lakhala likudziwika kuti ndi chakudya chabwino, kotero kwa ambiri aife sichidziwika bwino - zingatheke bwanji kuti muphatikizepo zinthu zopangidwa ndi nkhungu muzakudya? Koma nkhungu imakhalanso yosiyana! Kumbukirani, mwachitsanzo, chinthu chofunika kwambiri chotulukira monga penicillin!
Nkhungu imayamba mwamsanga pambuyo pa imfa ya zomera ndi nyama zamoyo. Nkhungu imayamba kupanga, kenako mabakiteriya. Nkhungu, monga lamulo, imawoneka pomwe pali mikhalidwe yabwino kwa izo - nkhungu spores zimayamba kumera, ndipo zimachulukana mwachangu kwambiri! Ngati tikanakhala ndi microscope pafupi ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi nkhungu pang'ono (mwachitsanzo, tchizi), ndiye kuti tidzakhala ndi mantha poyang'ana pa kuwonjezeka kangapo - kuchuluka kwa nkhungu za nkhungu zimangokhala mabiliyoni!
- chinyezi chambiri
- kutentha m'chipindamo ndi 17 - 30 digiri Celsius.
Nkhungu sichikonda ukhondo ndi mpweya wouma kwambiri; simuyenera kutulutsa mpweya m'chipindamo kukagwa mvula, kuzizira komanso kunja kwanyowa. Ndikoyeneranso kudziwa kuti nkhungu imatha kukhudzanso zakudya zozizira, izi zimachitika kawirikawiri, komabe - fufuzani pafupipafupi. Osasunga chakudya chozizira kwa nthawi yayitali - osapitilira mwezi umodzi. Njira zowola ndi kuwonongeka zimachitika pang'onopang'ono ngakhale kutentha kwambiri.
Monga tanenera pamwambapa, nkhungu ndi mtundu wapadera wa bowa. Kwa nthawi yoyamba padziko lapansi, asayansi ku Poland adachita maphunziro apadera omwe adatsimikizira kuti nkhungu (yosawoneka bowa, koma spores zake) imayambitsa matenda oopsa amagazi monga leukemia. Zapezekanso kuti mtedza womwe umakhudzidwa ndi nkhungu uli ndi poizoni wambiri womwe ungayambitse khansa. Anthu okhala mumzinda amathera nthawi yambiri ya moyo wawo m'malo okhalamo, ndipo, monga lamulo, malowa amatsekedwa (kaya ndi galimoto, nyumba kapena ofesi). Ndiko kuti, timapuma mpweya umene uli m’chipindamo. Ma mapapu amatha kusefa tizilombo tambiri bwino, koma nthanga za nkhungu zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe awoawo - zimadutsa njira yopumira popanda chotchinga, zimakhazikika kwambiri m'mapapu ndikulowa ngakhale m'mapapo momwemo. Zinapezekanso kuti m'malo omwe odwala ziwengo ndi asthmatics amakhala, nkhungu inalipo mu milandu 80 mwa 100. Palinso mitundu ya nkhungu yomwe spores ingayambitse diathesis mwa ana, chifuwa (chomwe pakapita nthawi, ngati sichisamalidwa. , akhoza kusanduka mphumu). Kuti muteteze mwana wanu ku chifuwa, nyowetsani nthawi zonse, sungani chakudya m'nyumba mwatsopano, ndi kudyetsa mwana wanu zakudya zophikidwa kunyumba.
Nkhungu imatha kuwoneka paliponse, koma amayi ambiri apakhomo amakumana nayo mufiriji yawo. Funso limadzuka nthawi yomweyo: momwe mungathanirane ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi nkhungu? Nthawi zambiri kuposa mankhwala aliwonse, mkate umadwala nkhungu. Amadwala ndi bowa kale pa tsiku lachiwiri kapena lachitatu mutagula. Amayi ambiri apanyumba, atapeza zodabwitsa zosasangalatsa zotere, amangodula malo omwe akhudzidwa ndi nkhungu, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mkate wotsalawo kukhala chakudya. Palibe aliyense wa ife amene ankaganiza kuti njira imeneyi ilibe vuto lililonse pa thanzi lathu komanso la banja lathu.
Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa sayansi, taphunzira kuti nkhungu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi ufa ndi mkaka, monga yogurt, ziyenera kutayidwa zonse (popeza zimakhala ndi porous, ndi spores za nkhungu zimafalikira osati pamwamba, komanso kuya kwambiri kwa mkaka kapena ufa wa ufa ).
Pali chosiyana chaching'ono ku lamulo ili - tchizi cholimba. Ngati mupeza kuti nkhungu yapanga pa tchizi zotere, ndiye kuti mutha kudula gawo lomwe lakhudzidwa la u2bu4bthe (XNUMX-XNUMX cm), ndipo ngakhale mutapusitsa, musadye tchizi wotsala (mwina, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. kupanga pizza).
Mwinamwake, aliyense wa ife amayenera kuthana ndi nkhungu pa kupanikizana. Amayi ena amamva chisoni chifukwa chotaya mankhwala awo omwe amawakonda omwe adawakonzera ndi manja awo, ndipo amakumbukira za penicillin, kapena tchizi zapamwamba zokhala ndi nkhungu. Pokhapokha nkhungu ilibe chochita ndi penicillin, kapena tchizi chamtengo wapatali chonunkhira! Kupatula apo, nkhungu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazogulitsa zimakulitsidwa mwapadera ndikukonzedwa, ndipo zopangidwa ndi nkhungu zapanyumba zimakhala ndi mankhwala pafupifupi zana omwe ali poizoni kwa anthu. Zopangira tokha komanso zolemekezeka za tchizi zimakhala ndi mayina osiyanasiyana ndipo zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana pathupi la munthu.
Ngati chochitika choterocho chinachitika, ndiye kuti simuyenera kuchichita mosasamala. Inde, simudzafa chifukwa chowonjezera chosasangalatsa chotere pazakudya zanu, koma ndikuphabe kwambiri. Chiwindi chimayamba kudwala, monga momwe zimakhalira poyizoni wazakudya, mosasamala kanthu za poizoni. Muyenera kumwa nthawi yomweyo makala (piritsi limodzi pa kilogalamu 1 za kulemera kwa munthu), ngati zinthu zambiri zowonongeka zimadyedwa, ndiye kuti ndibwino kumwa njira yothetsera potassium permanganate kuti muyeretse mimba. Pambuyo pake, muyenera kumwa madzi ambiri oyera, mungathe ndi mandimu, tiyi yotentha yofooka, kuti thupi liyeretsedwe mofulumira. Kwa reinsurance, mutha kugula mankhwala omwe amabwezeretsa maselo a chiwindi.
Musaganize kuti nkhungu iliyonse ndi yovulaza komanso yoipa. Pali mitundu yambiri ya nkhungu, kotero tiyeni tiwone izo.
wolemekezeka nkhungu
M’Dziko Lathu, bowa limeneli limatchedwa grey rot, kwenikweni, akatswiri a tizilombo tating’onoting’ono anaupatsa dzina lakuti Botrytis cinerea (choyamba chimapha thupi lenilenilo, kenako n’kumadya minyewa yakufa). M'dziko lathu, anthu amavutika kwambiri ndi bowa, chifukwa zinthu zambiri zodyedwa (zipatso, zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba) zimakhala zosagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha izi. Koma, mungadabwe, ku Germany, France ndi Hungary, chifukwa cha mtundu uwu wa bowa, mitundu yotchuka kwambiri komanso yokoma ya vinyo imapangidwa. Chifukwa chake, zikuwonekeratu chifukwa chake m'maiko awa nkhungu iyi imatchedwa "wolemekezeka".
nkhungu yabuluu
Ngati nkhungu yolemekezeka idaphunziridwa osati kale kwambiri, ndiye kuti nkhungu yabuluu yadziwika kuyambira kalekale. Mtundu uwu wa nkhungu ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la tchizi la marble (Roquefort, Gorgonzola, Dor blue).
Nkhungu yoyera
Mtundu uwu wa nkhungu (Pinicillium camamberti ndi caseicolum) umawonjezeredwa ku tchizi panthawi yokonzekera kuti awonjezere cholembera chapadera ku maonekedwe ake. Mothandizidwa ndi nkhungu zoyera, timadzi tambiri tonunkhira ngati Camembert ndi Brie timabadwa. Komanso, Camembert amaonedwa kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri kumapeto kwa tsiku lotha ntchito.
Kumbukirani kuti tchizi chapamwamba chokha chokhala ndi nkhungu yabwino kwambiri sichivulaza thupi, chimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri. Koma ngakhale mankhwala apamwamba kwambiri savomerezedwa kwa amayi apakati ndi ana, ndipo simuyenera kuchitira nkhanza.