Iwo amanena za iye kuti iye ndi woipa kuposa moto. Ndipo ngati kusuntha ndizovuta kwambiri kwa akuluakulu, zonena za ana. Kodi kusintha kwa malo kumakhudza bwanji mwanayo? Ndipo kodi kupsinjika maganizo kungachepe?
Mu zojambula "Inside Out", mtsikana wazaka 11 akukumana ndi zowawa kwambiri kusamuka kwa banja lake kupita kumalo atsopano. Sizodabwitsa kuti opanga mafilimuwo adasankha chiwembuchi. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa malo ndizovuta kwambiri osati kwa makolo okha, komanso kwa mwana. Ndipo kupsinjika kumeneku kumatha kukhala kwanthawi yayitali, kusokoneza thanzi lamunthu m'tsogolomu.
Mwana wamng'ono, ndi kosavuta kuti apirire kusintha kwa malo okhala. Izi ndi zomwe timaganiza ndipo tikulakwitsa. Akatswiri a zamaganizo a ku America Rebecca Levin Cowley ndi Melissa Kull anapeza1kuti kusamuka kumakhala kovuta makamaka kwa ana asukulu.
Rebecca Levine anati: “Ana ang’onoang’ono sakhala ndi luso locheza ndi anthu, ndipo amakhala ndi mavuto a m’maganizo ndi m’makhalidwe. Zotsatirazi zimatha zaka zambiri. Ana a m’magiredi a pulaimale kapena apakati amapirira kusamukako mosavuta. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zinasonyeza kuti zotsatira zoipa za kusuntha - kuchepa kwa maphunziro (makamaka masamu ndi kumvetsetsa kuwerenga) mwa ana okalamba sizimatchulidwa kwambiri ndipo zotsatira zake zimafooketsa mwamsanga.
Ana amakhala osamala pa zizolowezi ndi zomwe amakonda
Mayi aliyense amadziwa momwe zimakhalira zovuta, mwachitsanzo, kuti mwana ayese mbale yatsopano. Kwa ana, kukhazikika ndi kudziwika ndizofunika, ngakhale pazinthu zazing'ono. Ndipo banja likasankha kusintha malo okhala, nthawi yomweyo amakakamiza mwanayo kusiya zizolowezi zambiri ndipo, titero kunena kwake, amayesa mbale zambiri zachilendo nthawi imodzi. Popanda kunyengerera ndi kukonzekera.
Gulu lina la akatswiri a zamaganizo linachita kafukufuku wofanana.2pogwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zochokera ku Denmark. M'dziko lino, mayendedwe onse a nzika amalembedwa mosamala, ndipo izi zimapereka mwayi wapadera wophunzira zotsatira za kusintha kwa malo okhala kwa ana azaka zosiyanasiyana. Pazonse, ziwerengero zinaphunziridwa kwa a Danes oposa milioni omwe anabadwa pakati pa 1971 ndi 1997. Mwa awa, 37% anali ndi mwayi wopulumuka kusuntha (kapena angapo) asanakwanitse zaka 15.
Pamenepa, akatswiri a zamaganizo sankakonda kwambiri momwe sukulu ikuyendera, koma zachiwembu za ana, kudzipha, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso kufa msanga (zachiwawa komanso mwangozi).
Zinapezeka kuti kwa achinyamata aku Danish, chiwopsezo chazotsatira zoyipa zotere chidawonjezeka makamaka atasuntha kambiri paunyamata (zaka 12-14). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chikhalidwe cha anthu a mabanja osiyanasiyana (ndalama, maphunziro, ntchito), zomwe zinaganiziridwanso ndi asayansi, sizinakhudze zotsatira za phunzirolo. Lingaliro loyambirira loti zotsatira zoyipa zingakhudze makamaka mabanja omwe ali ndi maphunziro ochepa komanso ndalama zomwe amapeza sizinatsimikizidwe.
Inde, kusintha kwa malo sikungapewedwe nthawi zonse. Ndikofunika kuti mwanayo kapena wachinyamata alandire chithandizo chochuluka monga momwe angathere pambuyo pa kusamuka, ponse paŵiri m’banja ndi kusukulu. Ngati ndi kotheka, mukhoza kupezanso chithandizo chamaganizo.
Sandra Wheatley, katswiri wa ku Britain pankhani ya maganizo a ana, akufotokoza kuti mwana akamasamuka amavutika maganizo kwambiri, chifukwa chakuti zinthu zimene wakhala akuzidziwa kwa nthawi yaitali zimagwa. Izi zimabweretsa kuwonjezereka kwa malingaliro osatetezeka ndi nkhawa.
Koma bwanji ngati kusamukako sikungalephereke?
Inde, maphunzirowa ayenera kukumbukiridwa, koma sayenera kutengedwa ngati chinthu chosapeŵeka. Zambiri zimadalira mkhalidwe wamaganizo m’banja ndi mikhalidwe imene inachititsa kusamukako. Chinthu chimodzi ndicho kusudzulana kwa makolo, ndipo chinthu china ndicho kusintha ntchito kukhala yabwino kwambiri. Ndikofunika kuti mwana aone kuti makolo sakhala ndi mantha pamene akuyenda, koma achite izi molimba mtima komanso ali ndi maganizo abwino.
Ndikofunikira kuti gawo lalikulu la zida zake zakale zapakhomo kusuntha ndi mwana - osati zoseweretsa zomwe amakonda, komanso mipando, makamaka bedi lake. Zigawo zotere za moyo wakale ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zisunge bata mkati. Koma chinthu chachikulu - musati kukoka mwanayo kunja akale chilengedwe convulsively, mwadzidzidzi, mantha ndi popanda kukonzekera.
1 R. Coley & M. Kull «Cumulative, Timing-Specific, and Interactive Models of Residential Mobility and Children's Cognitive and Psychosocial Skills», Child Development, 2016.
2 R. Webb al. "Zotsatira Zoipa Zoyambira Zaka Zaka Zaka Zaka Zakale Zogwirizana ndi Childhood Mobility Mobility," American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2016.