Mudskippers: kufotokozera nsomba ndi chithunzi, kumene imapezeka, zomwe zimadya

N’zovuta kuganiza kuti chamoyochi n’chansomba, chifukwa buluzi amaoneka ngati chule wamaso a nsikidzi wokhala ndi m’kamwa mwawo waukulu kapena buluzi wopanda miyendo yakumbuyo.

Kufotokozera kwa Mudskipper

Kudumphira sikovuta kuzindikira ndi mutu wake waukulu, zomwe zimasonyeza ubale wa nsomba ndi banja la goby. M'banja ili, mudskippers amaimira mtundu wawo, "Periophthalmus". West Africa kapena wamba mudskipper amadziwika kwa aquarists chifukwa ndi omwe amagulitsidwa kwambiri ndipo ndi yayikulu kwambiri mwamtundu wake. Zitsanzo zazikulu zamtunduwu zili ndi zipsepse ziwiri zakumbuyo, zokongoletsedwa ndi mzere wowala wabuluu m'mphepete mwa zipsepsezo ndipo zimatha kukula mpaka pafupifupi 2 ndi theka masentimita.

M'chilengedwe, palinso oimira ang'onoang'ono amtunduwu. Awa ndi omwe amatchedwa Indian or dwarf jumpers, omwe amafika kutalika kosaposa 5 cm. Mitundu yamtunduwu imasiyanitsidwa ndi zipsepse zachikasu zakumbuyo zokhala m'malire ndi mizere yakuda, pomwe zipsepsezo zimakhala ndi mawanga ofiira owala. Monga lamulo, pamapiko oyamba a dorsal mutha kuwona malo akulu, alalanje.

Maonekedwe

Mudskipper ndi cholengedwa chapadera chomwe chimapatsa munthu malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Kodi cholengedwa chokhala ndi maso otumbululuka chingadzutse kumverera kotani, komwe mbali yake yowonera ndi pafupifupi madigiri 180? Maso samangozungulira ngati periscope ya sitima yapamadzi, koma nthawi ndi nthawi amalowetsedwa muzitsulo zamaso. Kwa anthu omwe sadziwa chilichonse chokhudza nsomba iyi ndipo sadziwa momwe zimawonekera, mawonekedwe a jumper m'munda wawo wa masomphenya angayambitse mantha. Komanso, mtundu uwu uli ndi mutu waukulu chabe.

Mtsinje wamatope amatha kusambira mpaka kumtunda ndikukwera m'mphepete mwa nyanja, akuyenda mwaluso ndi zipsepse za pachifuwa zodalirika komanso kuthandiza ndi mchira. Chinthu choyamba chimene chimabwera m’maganizo n’chakuti nsombayo imafa ziwalo pang’ono, chifukwa ndi mbali ya kutsogolo yokha ya thupi imene imagwirira ntchitoyo.

Zipsepse zazitali zam'mimba zimaphatikizidwa ndikuyenda kwa nsomba mumtsinje wamadzi, koma zipsepse zamphamvu zam'mphuno zimaphatikizidwa pakugwira ntchito pamtunda. Chifukwa cha mchira wamphamvu, womwe umathandiza jumper kuyenda pamtunda, nsomba imatha kudumpha kuchokera m'madzi kupita kumtunda wautali.

Zosangalatsa kudziwa! Mudskippers ndi ofanana kwambiri mu kapangidwe ndi ntchito za thupi kwa amphibians. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kupuma mothandizidwa ndi gill, komanso kukhalapo kwa zipsepse, kumasonyeza kuti iyi ndi nsomba.

Chifukwa chakuti mudskipper amatha kulandira mpweya kudzera pakhungu, amatha kupuma pamtunda. Pamene jumper ichoka m'madzi, maginito amatseka mwamphamvu, mwinamwake akhoza kuuma.

Mbali ya volumetric ya jumper imasunga madzi enaake mkamwa kwa kanthawi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mpweya ukhale wofunikira. Thupi la jumper limasiyanitsidwa ndi imvi-olive hue, ndipo mimba imakhala yowala nthawi zonse, pafupifupi silvery. Thupi limakongoletsedwanso ndi mikwingwirima kapena madontho ambiri, ndipo khungu limakhala pamwamba pa mlomo wapamwamba.

Moyo, khalidwe

The mudskipper ndi woimira wapadera wa dziko la pansi pa madzi amene amatha kukhalapo m'mbali mwa madzi ndi kunja kwa madzi, pamtunda. Pali ntchofu wambiri pathupi la mudskipper, ngati chule, kotero kuti nsomba imatha kukhala pamtunda kwa nthawi yayitali. Wolumphirayo, titero kunena kwake, akusamba m’matope, amakhala akunyowetsa khungu.

Kuyenda m'mphepete mwa madzi, makamaka pamwamba pake, nsomba imakweza mutu wake pamodzi ndi maso ake mu mawonekedwe a periscopes, ndikuyang'ana chilichonse chozungulira. Pakakhala mafunde amphamvu, jumper imayesa kukumba mu silt kapena kubisala m'mabowo, kusunga kutentha kwa thupi koyenera. Wolumphirayo akakhala m’madzi, amagwiritsa ntchito mphuno zake kupuma. Mafunde akatsika, amakwawa m'malo awo obisalamo ndikuyamba kukwawira pansi pa dziwe lopanda madzi. Nsomba ikaganiza zokwawira kumtunda, imagwira ndi kunyamula madzi enaake m’kamwa mwake, zomwe zimathandiza kunyowetsa mphuno.

Chochititsa chidwi! Anthu odumpha akakwera kumtunda, makutu awo ndi maso awo amakhala amphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuona nyama yomwe ingagwire, komanso kumva. Kulowa m'madzi, masomphenya a jumper amatsika kwambiri, ndipo amayamba kusaona.

Mudskippers amaonedwa kuti ndi osagwirizana, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakonza zinthu pakati pawo ndikukonzekera mikangano pamphepete mwa nyanja, kuteteza gawo lawo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zimadziwika kuti oimira mitundu ya "Periophthalmus barbarus" ndi omwe amamenyana kwambiri.

Chifukwa cha izi, sizingatheke kusunga mitundu iyi mu aquarium m'magulu, koma ndikofunikira kuzikhazikitsa m'madzi osiyana.

Zodabwitsa, koma mudskipper amatha kusuntha pamtunda. Amakwera mitengo mosavuta, kwinaku akudalira zipsepse zolimba zakutsogolo ndikugwiritsa ntchito makapu oyamwa omwe ali pathupi lake. Pali zoyamwitsa, zonse pa zipsepse ndi pamimba, pomwe choyamwa chamkati chimatengedwa kuti ndicho chachikulu.

Kukhalapo kwa zipsepse zoyamwitsa kumalola nsomba kugonjetsa utali uliwonse, kuphatikiza makoma am'madzi am'madzi. Mwachilengedwe, chodabwitsa ichi chimalola nsomba kuti zidziteteze ku mafunde. Ngati mafunde anyamula anthu panyanja, ndiye kuti adzafa posachedwa.

Kodi matope amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Ndi chisamaliro choyenera mumikhalidwe yokumba, mudskippers amatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 3. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti aquarium iyenera kukhala ndi madzi amchere pang'ono, chifukwa mudskippers amatha kukhala m'madzi amchere komanso amchere.

Zosangalatsa kudziwa! Pa nthawi ya chisinthiko, mudskipper wapanga njira yapadera yomwe imayendetsa kagayidwe kake malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili.

Sexual dimorphism

Mu zamoyo izi, kugonana dimorphism m'malo bwino bwino, kotero ngakhale akatswiri odziwa kapena aquarists sangathe kusiyanitsa kumene mwamuna ndi kumene mkazi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ngati muyang'ana khalidwe la anthu, mukhoza kumvetsera mfundo zotsatirazi: akazi ndi odekha, ndipo amuna amatsutsana kwambiri.

Mitundu ya mudskippers

Asayansi padziko lonse sanagwirizanebe za kukhalapo kwa mitundu ingapo ya mudskippers. Ena a iwo amatchula nambala 35, ndipo ena samatchula mitundu khumi ndi iwiri. Mitundu yambiri yamitundu yambiri imatengedwa kuti ndi mudskipper wamba, anthu ambiri omwe amagawidwa m'madzi amchere pang'ono pamphepete mwa nyanja ya West Africa, kuphatikizapo ku Gulf of Guinea.

Kuphatikiza pa jumper wamba, mitundu ina ingapo imaphatikizidwa mumtundu uwu:

• P. argentilineatus ndi P. cantonensis;
• P. chrysospilos, P. kalolo, P. gracilis;
• P. magnuspinnatus ndi P. modestus;
• P. minutus ndi P. malaccensis;
• P. novaeguineaensis ndi P. pearsei;
• P. novemradiatus ndi P. sobrinus;
• P. waltoni, P. spilotus ndi P. variabilis;
• P. weberi, P. walailakae ndi P. septemradiatus.

Osati kale kwambiri, mitundu ina ya 4 imatchedwa mudskippers, koma kenako inapatsidwa mtundu wina - mtundu wa "Periophthalmodon".

malo achilengedwe

Malo okhala zamoyo zodabwitsazi ndi otakata ndipo pafupifupi onse aku Asia, Africa ndi Australia. Chifukwa cha moyo wawo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana imalanda mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imakhala m'mitsinje ndi maiwe, komanso madzi amchere a m'mphepete mwa mayiko otentha.

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti mayiko angapo a ku Africa, kumene mitundu yambiri ya mudskippers "Periophthalmus barbarus" imapezeka. Mwachitsanzo:

• V Angola, Gabon ndi Benin.
• Cameroon, Gambia ndi Congo.
• Ku Côte d'Ivoire ndi Ghana.
• Ku Guinea, ku Equatorial Guinea ndi Guinea-Bissau.
• ku Liberia ndi Nigeria.
• Ku Sao Tome ndi Prixini.
• Sierra Leone ndi Senegal.

Anthu otchedwa mudskippers amakonda mitengo ya mangrove, kumene amamanga nyumba zawo m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, amapezeka m'kamwa mwa mitsinje, pamtunda wamatope m'madera omwe magombe amatetezedwa ku mafunde akuluakulu.

zakudya

Mitundu yambiri imatengedwa kuti ndi omnivorous, kupatula mitundu ina ya herbivorous, kotero kuti zakudya zawo zimakhala zosiyanasiyana. Monga lamulo, jumpers amadya pambuyo pa mafunde otsika, kukumba mu silt yofewa, kumene amapeza zakudya.

Monga lamulo, mu zakudya "Periophthalmus barbarus". Zakudya zamtundu wa nyama ndi masamba zikuphatikizidwa. Mwachitsanzo:

• Ng'ombe zazing'ono.
• Nsomba si yaikulu (mwachangu).
• Mizu ya mangrove yoyera.
• Zamasamba.
• Mphutsi ndi mphutsi za tizilombo.
• Tizilombo.

Pamene mudskippers amasungidwa m'malo opangira, zakudya zawo zimakhala zosiyana. Odziwa aquarists amalangiza kudyetsa mudskippers zakudya zosiyanasiyana, zochokera youma flakes nsomba, komanso shredded nsomba zam'madzi, mu mawonekedwe a shrimp kapena mazira bloodworms.

Komanso, ndi zofunika kuti zakudya zikuphatikizapo tizilombo moyo, mu mawonekedwe a njenjete ndi ntchentche yaing'ono. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, simungathe kudyetsa nsombazi ndi mphutsi za chakudya ndi crickets, komanso zamoyo zomwe sizipezeka m'mitengo ya mangrove, apo ayi izi zingayambitse vuto la m'mimba mwa nsomba.

Kubala ndi ana

Popeza matope aamuna nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mikangano, amakhala osapiririka makamaka panthawi yoswana, chifukwa sayenera kumenyera gawo lawo, komanso kumenyera akazi. Amuna amaimirira moyang'anizana ndi mzake ndikukweza zipsepse zawo zakumbuyo, komanso amakwera pamapiko awo m'mwamba momwe angathere. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, iwo, monga akunena, "mochuluka" amatsegula pakamwa pawo. Amatha kudumphira wina ndi mzake ndikugwedeza zipsepse zawo moopseza. Zochitazo zimatha mpaka mmodzi wa otsutsa sangathe kupirira ndikuchoka.

Ndikofunika kudziwa! Yamphongo ikayamba kukopa yaikazi, imapanga kudumpha kwapadera. Yaikazi ikavomera, kukwerana kumachitika ndipo mazirawo amakumana ndi ubwamuna m’kati mwa yaikaziyo. Pambuyo pake, yaimuna imayamba kumanga malo osungiramo mazira.

Ntchito yomanga malo osungiramo zinthu ndizovuta kwambiri, chifukwa mwamuna ayenera kukumba dzenje mumatope ndi thumba la mpweya. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, dzenjelo limaperekedwa ndi makomo angapo odziimira okha, mwa mawonekedwe a tunnel omwe amapita pamwamba. Kawiri pa tsiku, ngalandezo zimadzazidwa ndi madzi, kotero kuti nsomba zimachotsa madzi ndi silt. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa tunnel, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino wolowa m'chisa kumawonjezeka, komanso, makolo amatha kufika mwamsanga ku mazira omwe amamangiriridwa pamakoma a chisa.

Yamphongo ndi yaikazi imateteza ana awo amtsogolo, posamalira mpweya wabwino wa zomangamanga. Pofuna kuti mpweya wabwino ukhalepo pamalo omangapo, amakoka thovu la mpweya mkamwa mwawo mosinthana, motero amadzaza dzenjelo ndi mpweya.

Adani achilengedwe

Nsombayi ili ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe, ena mwa iwo ndi nswala, nsomba zazikulu zolusa ndi njoka zam'madzi. Pamene mudskipper ali pachiwopsezo, amatha kukhala ndi liwiro lomwe silinachitikepo, ndi kudumpha kwakukulu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, akhoza kukumba m’matope kapena kubisala m’mitengo, ngati atha kuona adani ake panthaŵi yake.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Mtundu umodzi wokha wa mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus, ukhoza kuwonedwa pa IUCN Red List, ndipo ili m'gulu lomwe likuopsezedwa, koma osati lofunika. Popeza pali anthu ambiri ochita matope, mabungwe oteteza zachilengedwe sakanatha kuwerengera chiwerengero chawo. Choncho, masiku ano palibe amene akudziwa kuchuluka kwa anthu mudskippers.

Ndikofunika kudziwa! Mitunduyi, yomwe ilipo pa IUCN Red List, yalandira udindo wa "Chodetsa Chochepa", m'madera onse komanso padziko lonse lapansi.

Zomwe zili mu aquarium

Mudskippers ndi anthu odzichepetsa kuti akhale mu ukapolo, koma kwa iwo m'pofunika kukonzekera nyumba, poganizira zina mwa nsomba zodabwitsazi. M'malo mwake, si aquarium yomwe imafunikira kuti iwakonzere, koma aquaterrarium. Kwa moyo wawo wabwinobwino, sipakufunika dera lalikulu la u15bu20bland, komanso madzi osanjikiza a dongosolo la 26 cm, palibenso. Ndi bwino ngati pali nsonga zotuluka m'madzi kapena mitengo ya mangrove yamoyo itabzalidwa m'madzi. Koma ngati sichoncho, nsomba zimamva bwino pamakoma a aquarium. Mchere wamadzi sayenera kupitirira 30%, ndipo kuti muwonjezere kuuma kwake, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito timiyala tating'ono kapena tchipisi ta nsangalabwi. Chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa kuti palibe miyala yokhala ndi nsonga zakuthwa, apo ayi nsomba zikhoza kuvulala podumpha. Odumphira matope amamva bwino pakutentha kwamadzi ndi mpweya wozungulira pafupifupi madigiri 20-22, ndipo pa kutentha kwa madigiri XNUMX-XNUMX amayamba kuzizira kwambiri. Nyali ya UV idzakhalanso yothandiza. Aquaterrarium iyenera kuphimbidwa ndi galasi, apo ayi odumpha amathawa mosavuta kunyumba kwawo.

Kuphatikiza apo, pophimba nyumba yawo ndi galasi, mutha kukhala ndi chinyezi chomwe mukufuna mkati mwake.

Sitikulimbikitsidwa kukhazikitsa anthu ambiri mu aquaterrarium imodzi, chifukwa amatsutsana nthawi zonse. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ma mudskippers amatha kuyanjana ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba zomwe zimakonda madzi amchere, komanso nkhanu. Odumpha amadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana ndipo sangakane mphutsi zamoyo kapena mphutsi zamagazi, shrimp yowuma, nyama, nsomba (zodulidwa ku nyama ya minced), komanso cricket youma. M'madzi, odumphira sawona bwino, kotero mutha kungowadyetsa pamtunda. Nsombazi zimawetedwa mwamsanga n’kuyamba kutenga chakudya m’manja mwawo.

Tsoka ilo, mu ukapolo, mudskippers samaswana, chifukwa n'zosatheka kupanga dothi lowoneka bwino lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhala mwachilengedwe.

Pomaliza

Kuphatikiza pa mfundo yakuti mudskippers amagwidwa makamaka kwa iwo amene amakonda kusunga nsomba mu ukapolo, komanso kukhalapo kwa adani achilengedwe, nsomba iyi siili pangozi ya kutha. Anthu a m’derali sadya nsombazi, pomwe amati n’zosatheka kudya nsomba ngati itakwera m’mitengo.