Chikombole cha vinyo wabwino kwambiri - Botrytis cinerea
Mavinyo omwe amalimbikitsa chidaliro, uchi kapena golide wonyezimira, wonunkhira wopanda mphamvu, wowoneka bwino komanso wolowa mkati, ndiwo mavinyo omwe amatengedwa ku mphesa zovutitsidwa ndi nkhungu yolemekezeka. Kuti tisiyanitse gulu la mphesa ndi zowola zovulaza, nkhungu yamtundu wa Botrytis cinerea imatchedwa "noble nkhungu" kapena "noble rot". Ikagunda mphesa zoyera, zoyera bwino, zimawumitsa matupi awo pansi pakhungu mpaka kukhala wokhazikika. Ngati nkhungu imakhudza zipatso zosapsa zomwe zimaonongeka ndi tizilombo kapena mvula yambiri, zimawononga khungu ndikulola kuti mabakiteriya owopsa alowe m'thupi, amatchedwa grey mold, ndipo akhoza kukhala pangozi yaikulu kwa mbewu. Zimaphwanyanso mtundu wa zipatso zofiira kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa vinyo kukhala wotuwa.
Mavinyo opangidwa ndi Botrytis akuphatikizapo French Sauternes, Hungarian Tokaj ndi vinyo wotchuka waku Germany wotsekemera. Sangapezeke chaka chilichonse, chifukwa kukula kwa nkhungu zabwino mwachindunji kumadalira kuphatikiza kwa kutentha ndi chinyezi m'chilengedwe mphesa zitacha. M’chaka chabwino, mphesa zokhwima msanga, zokhuthala zimatha kulola Botrytis kuchita ntchito yake nyengo yoipa isanayambike; panthawi imodzimodziyo, khungu lidzakhalabe lokhazikika pansi pa chikoka chowononga cha nkhungu, komanso lidzateteza zamkati za zipatso kuti zisagwirizane ndi mpweya.
nkhungu zolemekezeka zimafika m'minda ya mpesa nthawi ndi nthawi, ndipo ngakhale pamagulu amodzi kachitidwe kake kamakhala pang'onopang'ono. Gulu lomwelo likhoza kukhala ndi zipatso zofota, zowuma, pamene zipatso zina zimakhalabe zotupa ndi khungu la bulauni, zofewa ndi kukhudzana koyamba ndi nkhungu, ndipo zipatso zina zimakhala zolimba, zakupsa komanso zosakhudzidwa ndi bowa wobiriwira.
Kuti nkhungu yolemekezeka ikhale ndi zotsatira zake pa khalidwe la vinyo, zipatso zamtundu uliwonse ziyenera kuzulidwa pagulu zitangokwinya mokwanira, koma osati zouma. Ndikofunikira kuthyola zipatso kuchokera ku mpesa womwewo kangapo - nthawi zambiri kasanu, kasanu ndi kamodzi, kasanu ndi kawiri kapena kupitilira apo mu nthawi yomwe zaka zina imatha mpaka miyezi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, nthawi iliyonse kukolola mphesa ndi pansi osiyana nayonso mphamvu.
Ziwiri zapadera za nkhungu zabwino zimakhudza kapangidwe ndi kukoma kwa vinyo ndikupanga kusiyana pakati pa vinyo ndi Botrytis ndi vinyo wotsekemera wopangidwa kuchokera ku mphesa zomwe zouma mu ng'anjo wamba. Pachifukwa ichi asidi ndi shuga zimakhudzidwa ndi kutaya chinyezi, popanda kusintha mapangidwe a mphesa, pamene Botrytis, kudyetsa asidi ndi shuga, kumapanga kusintha kwa mankhwala mu mphesa, kupanga zinthu zatsopano zomwe zimasintha maluwa a vinyo. Popeza nkhungu imadya asidi wambiri kuposa shuga, acidity ya wort imachepa. Kuonjezera apo, nkhungu ya Botrytis imapanga chinthu chapadera chomwe chimalepheretsa kuwira kwa mowa. Mu ayenera analandira pang'ono zouma zipatso, amene mankhwala zikuchokera wakhalabe zosasintha, mowa zosagwira yisiti mabakiteriya amatha kupesa shuga mu mowa kwa 18 ° -20 °. Koma kuchuluka kwa shuga mu mphesa zokhala ndi nkhungu zabwino kumatanthauza kuchuluka kwa nkhungu, zomwe zimalepheretsa kupesa mwachangu. Mwachitsanzo, mu vinyo wa Sauternes, muyezo wangwiro umatheka ndi shuga, womwe umatha kusintha kukhala 20 ° mowa. Koma chifukwa cha zochita za bowa nkhungu, nayonso mphamvu imasiya kale, ndipo vinyo adzakhala ndi 13,5 ° mpaka 14 ° mowa. Ngati mphesa zokololedwa zili ndi shuga wochulukirapo, kupesa kumasiya mwachangu, ndipo vinyo amakhala wotsekemera, wokhala ndi mowa wocheperako. Ngati mphesa zimakololedwa pamene ali ndi mphamvu ya mowa yosachepera 20 °, mlingo wa vinyo umasokonezeka chifukwa cha mowa wambiri komanso kusowa kwa kukoma.
Njira zopangira vinyo ndizosiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, vinyo wotsekemera wa ku Hungary waku Tokaj si vinyo wangwiro wokhala ndi nkhungu yabwino. Amapezedwa powonjezera mphesa zokhala ndi nkhungu zabwino kwambiri zomwe ziyenera kupezedwa kuchokera ku mphesa zina zoyera. Mu vinyo wa Sauternes, kusiyana kokhako momwe amapangidwira ndikuti palibe njira yolekanitsira zolimba kuchokera ku wandiweyani, wandiweyani usanayambike, kotero kuti madzi amathiridwa molunjika mumigolo. Kuwotchera kwake kumakhala pang'onopang'ono, komanso kuyeretsedwa: vinyo wa Chateau Yquem amatenga zaka zitatu ndi theka kuti athetse vinyo asanalowe m'botolo. Ndipo pambuyo pake, nthawi zambiri amakhala modekha mpaka zaka zake.