Mtengo wa paini

Amakhulupirira kuti chiwonetsero choyamba cha Kunstkamera chinali gawo la mtengo wa paini, nthambi yomwe ili mbali yake, yomwe idapindika mochenjera, idakula kukhala thunthu. Nthambi yokhala ndi chidutswa cha thunthu imatha kuwonedwabe ku nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. Ngakhale zili choncho, mtengowo sungautchule wamba. Komabe, mu Chilatini, dzina lake ndi pine nkhalango (Pinus sylvestris).

Mtengo uwu umamera paliponse ndipo umadziwika kwa ambiri. Nthawi zambiri sasokonezedwa ndi zimphona zina zobiriwira. Pokhapokha ndi spruce, makamaka mitengo yokongola iyi ikadali yachichepere, mpaka zaka 15-20. Kungoti silhouette ndi yofanana. Ndipo anthu ochepa amalabadira kutalika ndi mtundu wa singano. Mwa njira, nkhalango za paini zimayikidwa ngati coniferous kuwala, ndipo ngati spruce imakonda, iyi ndi nkhalango yakuda yakuda.

Kutalika kwa zitsanzo zazikulu za Scotch pine ndi 20 - 30 m (1), ndipo izi sizingakhale malire.

Mitundu ya Scotch pine

M'madera akumidzi, paini wamba amabzalidwa pokumba mtengo kwinakwake m'mphepete mwa msewu. Kapena amasiya mbande ya paini m'munda, yomwe idawonekera yokha, kuchokera ku mbewu yomwe idabwera kuchokera kunkhalango yapafupi.

Koma mu dachas, m'mabwalo a mzinda ndi m'mapaki, nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona mawonekedwe osakhala achilengedwe a Scots pine, osati ma subtypes, mwachitsanzo, Balkan, Karelia kapena Mongolia. Pali "achibale" ochulukirapo komanso okongola omwe amawetedwa ndi obereketsa. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokongoletsa malo (2).

Mitundu yotchuka komanso yofalikira yokhala ndi mawonekedwe a korona fastigiata, yaying'ono (mpaka 4 - 7 m) Watereri, nsomba zam'madzi Globose Green и msungwana.

Scotch pine ili ndi mawonekedwe okongoletsa okhala ndi utoto wa singano. Ndi golide - aura и Wintergold, ndi bluish-imvi - Bonn и glauc.

Kusamalira paini wa Scotch

Scotch pine ndi mtengo wokhazikika, koma zina mwazinthu zake ziyenera kuganiziridwabe mukukula.

Ground

Ndizosavuta kuganiza kuti paini wa Scotch ndi wokhulupirika pafupifupi pafupifupi dothi lililonse. Zowonadi, m'chilengedwe, imamera pamchenga, mchenga, loams, dongo lolemera. Ngakhale pa miyala ndi thinnest, mamilimita ochepa, wachonde wosanjikiza! Kukhoza kumamatira kutsetsereka ndi mizu, kukonza nthaka yokwawa, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo otsetsereka (m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje, malo otsetsereka a mitsinje).

Mipaini yamitundumitundu, zokonda za anthu okhala m'chilimwe komanso opanga malo, ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa mawonekedwe achilengedwe (3).

Kuunikira

Mitundu yonse ya zomera ndi mitundu ya Scotch pine ndizojambula kwambiri. Ngakhale mumthunzi wosatchulidwa kwambiri, korona amakhala womasuka komanso osati wokongola ngati malo adzuwa. 

Koma kutayika kwa zokongoletsera sizinthu zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Mumthunzi, mtengo wa paini umafowoka, ukhoza kudwala ndikukhala nyama yosavuta ku tizirombo. Choncho kubzala mitengo ya paini pamthunzi n’kopanda phindu.

Kuthirira

Mipaini yokhwima imapirira chilala. Amatha kuchita popanda kuthirira kutentha. Kupatulapo ndi zomera zomwe zabzalidwa kumene, makamaka zazikulu, komanso mitundu ina yophatikizika yokhala ndi mizu yosazama.

Sikoyenera kubzala mitengo ya paini m'madambo, ngakhale mwachilengedwe mitundu iyi ya conifers imapezekabe m'malo achinyezi.

feteleza

Ma pine safuna zambiri pazakudya zam'nthaka kuposa mitengo yambiri yobiriwira. Chifukwa chake, sikoyenera kuthira feteleza pazomera izi m'nyumba yawo yachilimwe. M'malo mwake, "zakudya" zochulukirapo, mwachitsanzo, ngati ndi manyowa atsopano kapena pali nayitrogeni wambiri mu feteleza wamchere, zimatha kuvulaza mbewu. Makamaka popanga kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso kenako.

Kudyetsa

Nthawi zina m'nthaka pali kuchepa kwa chinthu china chofunikira kwa zomera, chimodzi kapena zingapo nthawi imodzi. Pachifukwa ichi, nthawi zambiri kamodzi pa nyengo kapena nthawi zambiri, m'chaka, chipale chofewa chikasungunuka, zobzala zimadyetsedwa, ndikuyambitsa feteleza woyenera wa conifers. Kapena amagwiritsa ntchito chida chapadera kwambiri, chomwe chimaphatikizapo microelement (boron, manganese, etc.), kusowa kwake kuyenera kudzazidwa.

Kubala kwa Scots pine

Pali njira zitatu zofalitsira Scotch pine.

Mbewu. Njira yosavuta yofalitsira ndi mbewu. Umu ndi momwe mitengo ya paini imakulitsidwa m'nkhalango. Zimachitika kuti mbewu zapaini zakupsa, chifukwa cha phiko laling'ono (mpaka 20 mm), zimabalalika kutali ndi mtengo wa makolo. Pambuyo pa chaka, ziwiri kapena kuposerapo, zambiri zimamera. Choncho musadabwe ngati mutapeza mtengo wapaini kutali ndi nkhalango ya paini.

Kodi mukufuna kubzala nokha nthanga za Scotch pine? Poyamba, amafunika kuchotsedwa ku ma cones omwe apanga, kucha ndipo akuyamba kutseguka. Nthawi yabwino yosonkhanitsa pine cones ndi autumn (September ndi October).

Ma cones amaikidwa mu 1 - 2 zigawo pa nyuzipepala kapena kuikidwa mu mbale yaikulu, mbale, kapena thumba lansalu la pillowcase. Sungani masiku angapo pamalo owuma, otentha, oyambitsa nthawi zina. Pakatha masiku angapo, mbewuzo zimatuluka m'ma cones. Iwo m'pofunika kubzala iwo nthawi yomweyo, nyengo yozizira isanafike, kuti kukumana masoka stratification. Ndiye kumera kudzakhala kwaubwenzi, ndipo mbande zidzakhala zathanzi. Bzalani pamalo okonzeka dzuwa kapena ochepa. Iwo amakula ndi 2-3 cm. Kufesa ndikwabwino m'mizere, osati mwachisawawa, ndi mtunda pakati pa njere za 15 cm. Mutha kubzala mochuluka, koma ndikuyembekeza kuti kupatulira kudzachitika munthawi yake.

Pambuyo pa zaka 1 - 2, mbande za paini zitha kubzalidwa pamalo okhazikika. Kapena kuyambiranso, ndiko kuti, khalani motalikirapo, kuti mukule.

Kubzala mu kasupe kapena koyambilira kwa autumn kumaloledwa mosavuta ndi zitsanzo zazing'ono za Scots pine, chifukwa cha mizu yokhazikika. Pambuyo pake, kutalika kwa mitengoyo kukafika pafupifupi 1,5 m, mizu yapampopi imayamba kupanga, yomwe imakhala yovuta kuisunga ikafukulidwa. Koma ngakhale pamenepa, ndikuyika mosamala ndi chisamaliro chotsatira, kusintha kwa mapine aang'ono kumalo atsopano nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopambana.

Kufalikira kwa mitundu ya pine ya Scots pofesa mbewu sikudzilungamitsa, chifukwa mbande sizibwerezabwereza mawonekedwe amitundu yoyambirira. Koma kufesa mbewu kumachitidwa kuti apange mawonekedwe atsopano okongoletsera.

Zodula. Kufalitsa kwa Scots pine mwa kudula ndi kusanjika kumalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zingapo, kotero sikumagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri. Kudula kumayamba kumapeto kwa masika kusanayambe kukula kwa mphukira zatsopano. Zodulidwa zautali wa 10-15 cm zimatengedwa kuchokera ku mphukira zomwe zimakula molunjika za zomera zazing'ono. Ayenera kukhala ndi "chidendene", ndiko kuti, m'munsi mwa mphukira ya chaka chatha pali chidutswa cha chaka chisanafike nkhuni za chaka chatha.

Magawo apansi a zodulidwa amatsuka m'madzi kwa maola 1-3 kuti achotse utomoni. Kenako amathandizidwa ndi zolimbikitsa kupanga mizu ndikubzalidwa mu wowonjezera kutentha, bwino ndi kutentha pansi. Mizu ndi yayitali, kuchuluka kwa mizu yodulidwa ndi yaying'ono. Kubzala mizu mphukira ikuchitika mu kugwa kwa chaka chamawa kapena kenako.

Inoculation. Kuti mupeze mawonekedwe okongoletsera, kufalitsa ma pine pine, kumezanitsa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Ndi zomera zomezanitsidwa zomwe timaziwona nthawi zambiri m'malo osungira.

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kulumikiza ndi kuswana mitundu yatsopano ya conifers, kuphatikizapo ma pine, si mbali za mitundu yodziwika kale (ndi yolembetsa) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso zomwe zimatchedwa matsache a mfiti omwe amapezeka m'chilengedwe.

Matenda a Scots pine

Momwe ma pine m'nkhalango amadwala, nthawi zambiri sitizindikira. Koma m'minda yakumidzi, ndipo makamaka ngati mwadzidzidzi tsoka lamtundu wina lidachitika pamtengo wapaini m'dera lakunja kwatawuni, vutoli posachedwa limawonekera.

Zowona, sizotheka nthawi zonse kudziwa zomwe zidachitika pamtengowo, makamaka pachilondacho. Ndipo kusankha mankhwala ochiza kapena njira zina zolimbana nako sikophweka nthawi zonse. Matenda a paini ndi ma conifers ena ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mavuto a apulo kapena currant yemweyo!

Paini wa Scotch ndi mitundu yake imakhudzidwa ndi mitundu ingapo ya schütte, dzimbiri bowa, ndi matenda ena. Choncho, amasiyanitsa pakati pa pine wamba ndi chipale chofewa. Poyamba, singano zimakhala zofiira, madontho akuda (mikwingwirima) amawonekera pa iwo. Kwa singano zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chipale chofewa, utoto wotuwa wopepuka ndi wodziwika.

Zofanana kwambiri ndi dzimbiri la singano ndi matenda, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa pine spinner. Ndi dzimbiri, singano zimasanduka zofiirira, zouma, koma osagwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndipo pine spinner makamaka "imagwira ntchito" ndi mphukira. Matenda a nthambi zazing'ono, ngati sizifa, zimatha kupotoza, kutengera mawonekedwe odabwitsa.

Ndi bwino kuti asabweretse matenda kuti afalikire, apo ayi mukhoza kutaya zomera. Pazizindikiro zoyambirira za matenda oyamba ndi fungus (pine spinner, dzimbiri, shute, etc.), chithandizo chamankhwala chokhala ndi mkuwa chimayamba. Mwachitsanzo, Bordeaux madzi (1% yankho), komanso XOM, Agiba-Peak kukonzekera. Itha kuletsa kukula kwa matenda Topazi, biofungicides Alirin-B, Gliocladin, Fitosporin (4).

Zomera (kuphatikiza nthaka pansi pa zomera) ziyenera kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa mobwerezabwereza, osachepera 3-4 pa nyengo. Amayamba m'chilimwe chipale chofewa chikasungunuka. Imayimitsa pakati pa mankhwala kuyambira masiku 5-7. Izi zisanachitike, mu zitsanzo zochepa, ndikofunikira kuchotsa ndi kuwononga singano zakufa, nthambi zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi matendawa.

Tizilombo ta Scotch pine

Mndandanda wa tizirombo ta coniferous umaphatikizaponso nsabwe za m'masamba zodziwika bwino, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, akangaude, ndi oimira nyama, "odziwika" makamaka pamitengo. Ena amadya singano, ena amadya madzi, ena amapanga ndime mu khungwa ndi mu zigawo zakuya matabwa, etc.

Shchitovki. Ndizosavuta kuzizindikira ndikuwoneka pazomera ngati zomangira, njerewere zokwezeka, kapena mawonekedwe ozungulira ngati mphodza. 

Sikophweka kulimbana ndi tizilombo, ngakhale kuti "zimadya" poyera pa singano. N'zokayikitsa kuti zidzatheka kusonkhanitsa tizilombo sikelo mwamphamvu Ufumuyo singano, ndi kupeza aliyense ndi ntchito yosatheka. Kotero pali njira imodzi yokha - kuukira kwa mankhwala. Aktara, Actellik (4) adzathandiza. Kukonzekera komweku ndikwabwino ngati nsabwe za m'masamba zidaukira ma pine ndipo mankhwala ochiritsira ochiritsira sangathe kupirira.

Spider mite. Polimbana ndi akangaude, tizilombo towopsa tomwe, tikamagawidwa kwambiri m'chilimwe chotentha, chowuma, chimasokoneza mphukira ndi ukonde wonyezimira wonyezimira, njira zina zimaperekedwa patsogolo. 

Poyamba, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito korona wowaza. Ndikofunikira kuwaza, ndikuyesera kunyowetsa nthambi kuchokera pansi, komanso malo onse ovuta kufika mu kuya kwa korona wandiweyani wamitundumitundu yapaini. Kupatula apo, ndipamene kangaude amakhala, tizilombo tating'ono, zomwe nthawi zambiri sizingawoneke popanda galasi lokulitsa.

Ngati njira zamadzi nthawi zonse kwa milungu ingapo sizinathandize, amasintha kugwiritsa ntchito zokonzekera zapadera, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimangoyang'ana kwambiri, makamaka motsutsana ndi nkhupakupa (acaricides). Komanso, othandizira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito tizirombo tambiri m'munda amatha kuthana ndi akangaude. Izi ndi Fitoverm, Actellik (4).

Pine sawfly. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, m'nkhalango zambiri za pine zapakati pa chilimwe, munthu amatha kuona tizilombo tosasangalatsa kwambiri - pine sawfly. Mbozi ambiri m'magulu angapo amatenga singano zapaini ndipo amadya mwachangu. Chiwonetserochi chikawonedwa chapatali, chimakhala chochititsa mantha, ngakhale chonyansa kwambiri. Mbozi ndizoyenda kwambiri komanso zowonda, komanso, pali zambiri pa mphukira zapaini. Nthawi zina amadya singano zonse zakale (amayamba ndi izo) ndipo pokhapo amapita kwa ana, omwe angopangidwa kumene singano.

Anthu okhala m'chilimwe akudandaula kwambiri za pine sawfly, zomwe zimawononga mitengo yapaini wamba komanso yamitundumitundu. Ngati kusonkhanitsa kwamanja kapena kugwetsa mbozi pansi ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi sikuthandiza, Aliot, Pinocide, Aktara, Lepidocid angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthetsa tizilombo. Ndipo mokoma kumasula pafupi-thunthu mabwalo pansi pa mitengo mu kugwa, kuyesera kuti kuwononga mizu.

Mafunso ndi mayankho otchuka

Tinakambirana za kukula Scots paini ndi Agronomist-woweta Svetlana Mikhailova.

Magwero a 

1. Aleksandrova MS Coniferous zomera m'munda wanu // Moscow, CJSC "Fiton +", 2000 - 224 p.

2. Markovsky Yu.B. Ma conifers abwino kwambiri pakupanga dimba // Moscow, CJSC Fiton +, 2004 - 144 p.

3. Gostev VG, Yuskevich NN Kupanga minda ndi mapaki // Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1991 - 340 p.

4. Gulu la boma la mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals omwe amaloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'gawo la Federation kuyambira pa Julayi 6, 2021 // Unduna wa Zaulimi wa Federation

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