Nchiyani chimapha njuchi?
Imfa “yokoma” ikudikira njuchi yantchito imene yawulukira ku zomera zothiridwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alimi amawaza nawo m’minda yawo omwe amatengedwa kuti ndiwo amayambitsa miliri yochuluka. Mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana, alimi akuyesera kupulumutsa mbewu ku tizirombo, zomwe zimangokhalira kugonjetsedwa chaka chilichonse, kotero kuti zinthu zambiri zaukali ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana nazo. Komabe, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amapha osati tizilombo "zosafunika", komanso aliyense pamzere - kuphatikizapo njuchi. Pankhaniyi, minda imakonzedwa kangapo pachaka. Mwachitsanzo, rapeseed imathiridwa ndi poizoni nthawi 4-6 pa nyengo. Moyenera, alimi ayenera kuchenjeza alimi za kulima komwe kukubwera, koma mwakuchita izi sizichitika pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Choyamba, alimi sangadziwe nkomwe kuti pali malo owetera njuchi pafupi, iwo kapena alimi amawona kuti ndikofunikira kuvomereza. Kachiwiri, eni minda nthawi zambiri amangoganizira za phindu lawo, ndipo mwina sadziwa momwe ntchito zawo zimakhudzira chilengedwe, kapena safuna kuziganizira. Chachitatu, pali tizilombo towononga mbewu yonse m'masiku ochepa chabe, kotero alimi alibe nthawi yochenjeza alimi za njuchi za kukonza.
Malinga ndi asayansi a ku America, kuwonjezera pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zifukwa zina zitatu ndizo chifukwa cha imfa ya njuchi padziko lonse lapansi: kutentha kwa dziko, Varroa nthata zofalitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi matenda otchedwa colony collapse syndrome, pamene njuchi zimachoka mwadzidzidzi mumng'oma.
Ku Russia, minda yapopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo njuchi zakhala zikufa ndi izi kwa zaka zambiri. Komabe, chinali chaka cha 2019 chomwe chidakhala chaka chomwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tidakula kwambiri kotero kuti osati zigawo zokha, komanso media media zidayamba kuyankhula za izi. Imfa yambiri ya njuchi m'dzikoli ikugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti boma linayamba kugawa ndalama zambiri zaulimi, ziwembu zatsopano za nthaka zinayamba kupangidwa, ndipo malamulo sanali okonzeka kulamulira ntchito zawo.
Ndani ali ndi udindo?
Kuti alimi adziwe kuti malo okhala njuchi amakhala pafupi nawo, alimi ayenera kulembetsa malo owetera njuchi ndikudziwitsa alimi ndi maboma za iwo eni. Palibe lamulo la federal lomwe lingateteze alimi. Komabe, pali malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala, malinga ndi zomwe minda yoyang'anira ikuyenera kuchenjeza alimi za mankhwala ophera tizilombo masiku atatu pasadakhale: kuwonetsa mankhwala, malo ogwiritsira ntchito (mkati mwa utali wa 7 km), nthawi. ndi njira ya chithandizo. Atalandira chidziwitsochi, alimi ayenera kutseka ming'oma ndikupita nayo kumtunda wa makilomita 7 kuchokera pamene adapopera ziphe. Mutha kubwezera njuchi pasanathe masiku 12. Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kosalamulirika kwa mankhwala ophera njuchi.
Mu 2011, ulamuliro wowongolera kupanga, kusunga, kugulitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals adachotsedwa ku Rosselkhoznadzor. Monga atolankhani mlembi wa dipatimenti Yulia Melano anauza atolankhani, izi zinachitika pa ntchito ya Utumiki wa Economic Development, amene ayenera kutenga udindo wa imfa ya njuchi, komanso kumwa ndi anthu mankhwala ndi owonjezera zili mankhwala ophera tizilombo, nitrates ndi nitrate. Ananenanso kuti tsopano kuyang'anira mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals mu zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba kumachitika kokha ndi Rospotrebnadzor, ndipo pokhapokha ngati katunduyo akugulitsidwa m'masitolo. Chifukwa chake, mawu okhawo omwe amapezeka: ngati kuchuluka kwa poizoni muzinthu zomalizidwa kupitilira kapena ayi. Kuphatikiza apo, katundu wosatetezeka akapezeka, Rospotrebnadzor mwakuthupi alibe nthawi yochotsa zinthu zotsika mtengo pakugulitsa. Rosselkhoznadzor akukhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kupatsa Unduna wa Zaulimi mphamvu zowongolera kupanga, kusunga, kugulitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals posachedwa kuti asinthe momwe zinthu ziliri.
Tsopano alimi ndi alimi ayenera kukambirana mwamseri, kuthetsa mavuto awo paokha. Komabe, nthawi zambiri samvetsetsana. Ofalitsa nkhani akungoyamba kumene kufotokoza nkhaniyi. Ndikofunika kudziwitsa alimi ndi alimi za ubale wa ntchito zawo.
Zotsatira zake ndi zotani?
Kudya poizoni. Kutsika kwa uchi ndi chinthu choyamba chomwe chimabwera m'maganizo. Chogulitsacho, chomwe chimapezedwa ndi njuchi zapoizoni, chidzakhala ndi mankhwala omwewo omwe "adathandizidwa" ndi tizirombo m'minda. Kuonjezera apo, kuchuluka kwa uchi pamasalefu kudzachepetsedwa, ndipo mtengo wa mankhwalawa udzawonjezeka. Kumbali imodzi, uchi sizinthu zamasamba, chifukwa zamoyo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Kumbali inayi, mitsuko yokhala ndi mawu akuti "Honey" idzaperekedwabe kumasitolo, chifukwa pali kufunika kwake, zolembazo ndizokayikitsa komanso zosatetezeka ku thanzi la munthu.
Kutsika kwa zokolola. Inde, ngati mulibe poizoni tizirombo, iwo adzawononga zomera. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, ngati palibe wothirira mungu zomera, ndiye kuti sizibala zipatso. Alimi amafunikira chithandizo cha njuchi, choncho ayenera kukhala ndi chidwi choteteza chiwerengero cha anthu kuti asatengere mungu wamaluwa ndi maburashi, monga momwe amachitira ku China, kumene chemistry inkagwiritsidwanso ntchito mosalamulirika kale.
Kusokonezeka kwa chilengedwe. Pochiza minda ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, osati njuchi zokha zimafa, komanso tizilombo tina, mbalame zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono, komanso makoswe. Zotsatira zake, kukhazikika kwachilengedwe kumasokonekera, popeza chilichonse m'chilengedwe chimalumikizana. Ngati muchotsa ulalo umodzi kuchokera ku mayendedwe achilengedwe, pang'onopang'ono kugwa.
Ngati uchi ungapezeke poizoni, bwanji ponena za zomera zomwe zathiridwa mankhwala? Za masamba, zipatso kapena rapeseed yemweyo? Zinthu zowopsa zimatha kulowa m'thupi lathu pomwe sitikuyembekezera ndikuyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Choncho, si nthawi yoti alimi azilira alamu, komanso kwa onse omwe amasamala za thanzi lawo! Kapena mukufuna maapulo otsekemera okhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo?