Kukambitsirana kulikonse kokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo kumatsimikizira mfundo yakuti kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezereka kungalepheretse zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri za kutentha kwa dziko. Chifukwa chake n’chakuti mphamvu zongowonjezereka monga dzuwa ndi mphepo sizitulutsa mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi mpweya wina wowonjezera kutentha umene umapangitsa kuti dziko litenthe.
Kwa zaka 150 zapitazi, anthu akhala akudalira kwambiri malasha, mafuta, ndi zinthu zina zakufa zakale kuti azipatsa mphamvu zonse, kuyambira mababu, magalimoto ndi mafakitale. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha komwe kumatulutsa mafuta akawotchedwa afika pamlingo waukulu kwambiri.
Mipweya yotentha yotentha imapangitsa kutentha m'mlengalenga komwe kukanatha kulowa mumlengalenga, ndipo kutentha kwapakati kumakwera. Choncho, kutentha kwa dziko kumachitika, kenako kusintha kwa nyengo, komwe kumaphatikizaponso nyengo yoopsa, kusamuka kwa anthu ndi malo okhala nyama zakutchire, kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja ndi zochitika zina zingapo.
Choncho, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezereka kungalepheretse kusintha koopsa pa dziko lathu lapansi. Komabe, ngakhale kuti magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso akuwoneka kuti akupezeka nthawi zonse komanso osatha, satha nthawi zonse.
Mitundu ya mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu
1. Madzi. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mitsinje mwa kumanga madamu kuti asamayendetse madzi. Masiku ano, magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndiye gwero lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lopangira mphamvu zongowonjezeranso, pomwe China, Brazil, Canada, United States, ndi Russia ndi omwe amapanga kwambiri mphamvu zamagetsi. Koma ngakhale kuti madzi ndi magwero a mphamvu zoyeretsedwa ndi mvula ndi chipale chofewa, makampaniwa ali ndi zovuta zake.
Madamu aakulu akhoza kusokoneza chilengedwe cha mitsinje, kuwononga nyama zakutchire, ndi kukakamiza anthu okhala pafupi kusamuka. Komanso silt wambiri amaunjikana m'malo omwe magetsi amapangidwa, zomwe zimatha kusokoneza zokolola ndikuwononga zida.
Makampani opanga mphamvu zamagetsi nthawi zonse amakhala pachiwopsezo cha chilala. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa 2018, dziko lakumadzulo kwa US lakhala ndi zaka 15 zakutulutsa mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide mpaka ma megatons 100 kuposa momwe zimakhalira kwa zaka XNUMX popeza zida zakhala zikukakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito malasha ndi gasi m'malo mwa hydropower yomwe idatayika chifukwa cha chilala. Mphamvu ya Hydropower palokha imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi vuto la mpweya woipa, chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zam'madzi kumatulutsa methane.
Koma madamu a mitsinje si njira yokhayo yogwiritsira ntchito madzi kupanga mphamvu: padziko lonse lapansi, zomera zopangira mphamvu za mafunde ndi mafunde zimagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe achilengedwe a nyanja kuti apange mphamvu. Mapulojekiti amagetsi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja akupanga magetsi pafupifupi 500 megawatts - zosakwana gawo limodzi mwa magawo onse a mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu - koma mphamvu zawo ndizokwera kwambiri.
2. Mphepo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphepo ngati gwero la mphamvu kunayamba zaka 7000 zapitazo. Pakali pano, makina opangira magetsi omwe amapanga magetsi ali padziko lonse lapansi. Kuchokera mu 2001 mpaka 2017, mphamvu yopangira mphamvu yamphepo padziko lonse lapansi idakwera nthawi zopitilira 22.
Anthu ena amadana ndi makampani opanga magetsi chifukwa makina amphepo ataliatali amawononga malo komanso kumapanga phokoso, koma palibe kukana kuti mphamvu yamphepo ndi gwero lamtengo wapatali. Ngakhale mphamvu zambiri zamphepo zimachokera ku makina opangira nthaka, mapulojekiti akunyanja akutulukanso, ambiri mwa iwo ali ku UK ndi Germany.
Vuto lina la makina opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi mphepo n’lakuti amaopseza mbalame ndi mileme, ndipo amapha mitundu yambirimbiri ya zamoyo zimenezi chaka chilichonse. Akatswiri akupanga njira zatsopano zothanirana ndi mphepo yamkuntho kuti ma turbine amphepo akhale otetezeka ku nyama zakuthengo.
3. Dzuwa. Mphamvu za dzuwa zikusintha misika yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Kuchokera mu 2007 mpaka 2017, mphamvu zonse zomwe zakhazikitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera ku mapanelo a dzuwa zidakwera ndi 4300%.
Kuwonjezera pa ma solar panels, omwe amasintha kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala magetsi, makina opangira magetsi a dzuwa amagwiritsa ntchito magalasi kuti ayang'ane kwambiri kutentha kwa dzuŵa, kutulutsa mphamvu yotentha. China, Japan ndi US akutsogolera njira yosinthira dzuwa, koma makampaniwa akadali ndi njira yayitali yoti apite chifukwa tsopano akuwerengera pafupifupi awiri peresenti ya mphamvu zonse zamagetsi za US mu 2017. Mphamvu yotentha ya dzuwa imagwiritsidwanso ntchito padziko lonse lapansi pamadzi otentha. , Kutentha ndi kuziziritsa.
4. Zomera. Mphamvu za biomass zimaphatikizapo mafuta achilengedwe monga ethanol ndi biodiesel, zinyalala zamatabwa ndi nkhuni, gasi wotayira m'nthaka, ndi zinyalala zolimba zamatauni. Monga mphamvu ya dzuwa, biomass ndi gwero lamphamvu losinthika, lotha kuyendetsa magalimoto, kutentha nyumba ndi kupanga magetsi.
Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito biomass kungayambitse mavuto aakulu. Mwachitsanzo, omwe amatsutsa mowa wa chimanga wa chimanga amanena kuti umapikisana ndi msika wa chimanga wa chakudya ndipo umathandizira ntchito zaulimi zosayenera. Palinso mkangano wokhudza momwe kulili kwanzeru kutumiza mapepala amatabwa kuchokera ku US kupita ku Ulaya kuti athe kutenthedwa kuti apange magetsi.
Pakadali pano, asayansi ndi makampani akupanga njira zabwino zosinthira tirigu, zinyalala zamadzi ndi zinthu zina za biomass kukhala mphamvu, kufunafuna kutulutsa mtengo kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zitha kuwonongeka.
5. mphamvu ya m'nthaka. Mphamvu ya geothermal, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka masauzande ambiri kuphika ndi kutenthetsa, imapangidwa kuchokera ku kutentha kwapakati pa Dziko lapansi. Pamlingo waukulu, zitsime zimayikidwa pansi pamadzi apansi a nthunzi ndi madzi otentha, omwe kuya kwake kumatha kupitirira 1,5 km. Pang'ono pang'ono, nyumba zina zimagwiritsa ntchito mapampu otentha apansi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa kutentha mamita angapo pansi pa nthaka kuti atenthe ndi kuziziritsa.
Mosiyana ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo, mphamvu ya geothermal imakhalapo nthawi zonse, koma imakhala ndi zotsatira zake. Mwachitsanzo, kutulutsidwa kwa hydrogen sulfide mu akasupe kungakhale limodzi ndi fungo lamphamvu la mazira ovunda.
Kukulitsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Magwero a Mphamvu Zowonjezera
Mizinda ndi mayiko padziko lonse lapansi akutsatira ndondomeko zowonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu. Pafupifupi mayiko 29 aku US akhazikitsa miyezo yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zowonjezera, zomwe ziyenera kukhala gawo lina la mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pakadali pano, mizinda yopitilira 100 padziko lonse lapansi yafika pa 70% kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezera, ndipo ena akuyesetsa kuti afikire 100%.
Kodi mayiko onse adzatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezera? Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti kupita patsogolo koteroko n’kotheka.
Dziko lapansi liyenera kugwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yeniyeni. Ngakhale kupatula kusintha kwa nyengo, mafuta oyaka zinthu zakale ali ndi malire, ndipo ngati tikufuna kupitiriza kukhala ndi moyo padziko lapansi, mphamvu zathu ziyenera kukhala zowonjezereka.