Lingaliro la kuponderezana, mfundo yofunika kwambiri mu psychoanalysis, idawoneka ngati lingaliro ku Freud, ngakhale Shopenhauer anali atazitchula kale. Koma kutsutsa chiyani?

Ndi kuponderezedwa kumayamba kupezeka kwa chikomokere. Lingaliro la kuponderezana si funso losavuta popeza limadalira lingaliro, osati nthawi zonse kudziwa bwino, kuti tili ndi chidziwitso, zomwe sizikudziwa kapena zomwe zimachitika mosadziwa.

Kuti mumvetsetse momwe kuponderezana kumagwirira ntchito, ndikofunikira kuwunikanso lingaliro la Sigmund Freud la malingaliro. Kwa iye, malingaliro aumunthu anali pang'ono ngati madzi oundana: nsonga yomwe ingakhoze kuwonedwa pamwamba pa madzi imayimira malingaliro ozindikira. Mbali yomizidwa pansi pa madzi koma yomwe ikuwonekabe, ndiyo chidziwitso. Ambiri mwa madzi oundana omwe ali pansi pa mtsinjewu sawoneka. Ndi chikomokere. Ndilo lomaliza lomwe limakhudza kwambiri umunthu ndipo lingayambitse kuvutika maganizo, zomwe zingasokoneze khalidwe ngakhale kuti sitingadziwe zomwe zilipo.

Zinali pothandiza odwala kuzindikira malingaliro awo osazindikira zomwe Freud adayamba kuganiza kuti panali njira yomwe idabisala malingaliro osavomerezeka. Kuponderezedwa kunali njira yoyamba yodzitetezera yomwe Freud adadziwika mu 1895 ndipo adakhulupirira kuti ndiyo yofunika kwambiri.

Kuponderezedwa ndiko kukankhira kutali zilakolako za munthu, zilakolako, zilakolako zomwe sangathe kuzizindikira chifukwa ndi zamanyazi, zopweteka kwambiri kapena zolakwa kwa munthu kapena gulu. Koma adzakhalabe mwa ife mosazindikira. Chifukwa si zonse kunena, kufotokoza, kumva. Chikhumbo chikayesa kuzindikira ndipo sichikuyenda bwino, ndi njira yodzitetezera mu lingaliro la psychoanalytic la mawuwo. Kuponderezedwa ndi kutsekeka kosazindikira kwa malingaliro osasangalatsa, zilakolako, kukumbukira ndi malingaliro amalingaliro ozindikira.

Monga momwe Freud akulongosolera: “'Kupanduka kwachiwawa' kwachitika kutsekereza njira yopita ku kuzindikira za mchitidwe wamatsenga wokhumudwitsa. Woyang'anira watcheru adazindikira wolakwirayo, kapena lingaliro losafunikira, ndipo adauza kuti aziwunika ”. Sikuti kuthawa, sikutsutsidwa ndi kuyendetsa kapena chikhumbo koma ndikuchita kukhala patali ndi chidziwitso. Njira yapakatikati yoyesera kuchepetsa kudzimva wolakwa ndi nkhawa.

Komabe, nchifukwa ninji lingaliro ili siliri lofunikira? Ndipo ndani anazindikira kuti izo zinali choncho ndi kuzipima izo? Lingaliro losafunidwa ndi losafunika chifukwa limatulutsa zosasangalatsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zimango ziyende, ndipo kuponderezana ndi zotsatira za ndalama ndi kutsutsa-ndalama mu machitidwe osiyanasiyana.

Komabe, ngakhale kuti kukankhira kumbuyo kungakhale kothandiza poyamba, kungayambitse nkhawa yaikulu pamsewu. Freud ankakhulupirira kuti kuponderezedwa kungayambitse kuvutika maganizo.

Kafukufuku wachirikiza lingaliro loti kuiwala kosankha ndi njira yomwe anthu amatsekereza kuzindikira za malingaliro osafunikira kapena kukumbukira. Kuiŵala, kosonkhezeredwa ndi kubweza, kumachitika pamene kukumbukiridwa kwa zikumbukiro zina kumatsogolera kuiŵala kwa chidziŵitso china chogwirizana nacho. Chifukwa chake, kubwereza mobwerezabwereza zikumbukiro zina kungapangitse kukumbukira zina kukhala zocheperako. Zikumbukiro zomvetsa chisoni kapena zosafunidwa, mwachitsanzo, zingaiwale mwa kubweza mobwerezabwereza kukumbukira kowonjezereka.

Freud ankakhulupirira kuti maloto ndi njira yoyang'ana mu chidziwitso, malingaliro oponderezedwa amatha kusonyeza mantha, nkhawa, ndi zilakolako zomwe timakumana nazo m'malotowa. Chitsanzo china chomwe malingaliro ndi malingaliro oponderezedwa angadziwike okha malinga ndi Freud: slip-ups. Kuthamanga kwa lilime kumeneku kungakhale, akuti, kuwulula kwambiri, kusonyeza zomwe tikuganiza kapena kumva za chinachake pamlingo wosazindikira. Nthawi zina phobias ingakhalenso chitsanzo cha momwe kukumbukira kugwedezeka kungapitirire kukhudza khalidwe.

Lingaliro la kuponderezedwa limatengedwa ngati lingaliro loimbidwa mlandu komanso lotsutsana. Kwa nthawi yayitali yakhala ngati lingaliro lapakati mu psychoanalysis, koma pakhala pali zotsutsa zingapo zomwe zakayikira kutsimikizika kwenikweni komanso kukhalapo kwa kuponderezana.

Kutsutsa kwa wafilosofi Alain, kumagwirizana ndendende ndi funso ili la phunziro lomwe lingatanthauzidwe ndi chiphunzitso cha Freudian: Alain amadzudzula Freud chifukwa choyambitsa "ine wina" mwa aliyense wa ife ("mngelo woipa", "mlangizi wa diabolical" Amene. angatitumikire kukayikira udindo umene tili nawo pa zochita zathu.

Titha, tikafuna kudziyeretsa tokha ku chimodzi mwazochita zathu kapena zotsatira zake, kuyitanitsa "kuwiri" kuti titsimikizire kuti sitinachite zoyipa, kapena kuti sitingathe kuchita mwanjira ina, koma pamapeto pake izi si zathu ... Amaona kuti chiphunzitso cha Freud sichimangolakwika komanso choopsa, chifukwa potsutsana ndi ulamuliro umene nkhaniyo iyenera kukhala nayo, imatsegula njira yopulumukira, imapereka alibi kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuthawa udindo wawo wamakhalidwe. .