Wambiri mwachidule Robert Schumann

Woimba piyano waluso amene analephera kukhala katswiri. Wolemba waluso yemwe sanasindikize buku limodzi. Wabwino komanso wachikondi, wonyoza komanso wanzeru. Wolemba yemwe adatha kujambula ndi nyimbo ndikupanga tonic ndi chachisanu kuyankhula mu liwu la munthu. Zonsezi ndi Robert Schumann, wolemba wamkulu wa ku Germany komanso wotsutsa nyimbo wanzeru, mpainiya wa nthawi ya chikondi mu nyimbo za ku Ulaya.

Mwana wodabwitsa

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka, kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe pa June 8, 1810, m'banja la ndakatulo August Schumann anabadwa mwana wachisanu. Mnyamatayo amatchedwa Robert ndipo tsogolo linakonzedweratu, zomwe zidzamutsogolera ku moyo wodyetsedwa bwino komanso wotukuka. Kupatulapo mabuku, bambo ake anali kusindikiza mabuku ndipo anakonzekeretsa mwana wawo njila yomweyo. Amayi mobisa ankalota kuti loya adzakula kuchokera kwa Schumann wamng'ono.

Robert adatengeka kwambiri ndi ntchito za Goethe ndi Byron, anali ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa komanso mphatso zomwe zidamupangitsa kuwonetsa bwino anthu omwe anali osiyana kwambiri. Bamboyo anaphatikizanso nkhani za mwana wasukulu wa kusekondale m’buku lofotokoza za mmene analembera. Zolemba za anazi tsopano zikusindikizidwa ngati chowonjezera pa zolemba za atolankhani za Robert Schumann.

Mogwirizana ndi zofuna za amayi ake, Robert anaphunzira zamalamulo ku Leipzig. Koma nyimbozo zinakopa mnyamatayo mochulukira, zikum’siyira nthaŵi yocheperapo yochitira zina.

Kusankha kwapangidwa

Mwinamwake, chakuti pakati pa zikwi makumi a anthu okhala m'tauni yaing'ono ya Saxon ya Zwickau kunapezeka kuti Johann Kunsch anali woimba nyimbo, yemwe anakhala mphunzitsi woyamba wa Schumann wazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, inali luso la Mulungu.

• 1819 Ali ndi zaka 9, Robert adamva sewero la woimba nyimbo wotchuka wa ku Bohemian ndi piano virtuoso Ignaz Moshales. Concert iyi idakhala yotsimikizika pakusankha njira yowonjezera ya mnyamatayo.
• 1820 Ali ndi zaka 10, Robert anayamba kulemba nyimbo zakwaya ndi oimba.
• 1828 Ali ndi zaka 18, mwana wamwamuna wachikondi anakwaniritsa maloto a amayi ake ndipo adalowa ku yunivesite ya Leipzig, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi ku yunivesite ya Gelderbeig, akukonzekera kumaliza maphunziro ake azamalamulo. Koma apa banja la Wieck linawonekera m'moyo wa Schumann.

Friedrich Wieck amapereka maphunziro a piyano. Mwana wake wamkazi Clara ndi woimba piyano wazaka zisanu ndi zitatu. Ndalama zomwe amapeza pamakonsati ake zimalola abambo ake kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Robert amakondana kamodzi kokha ndi mwana uyu, koma amasamutsa chidwi chake ku nyimbo.

Amalota kukhala woimba piyano, kuchita zinthu zosatheka pa izi. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti Schumann adapanga yekha buku lake (lotchuka komanso lokwera mtengo kwambiri) wophunzitsa piyano wa Dactylion. Kaya khama lalikulu panthawi yophunzitsidwa, kapena focal dystonia yomwe imapezeka mwa oimba piyano, kapena poizoni ndi mankhwala okhala ndi mercury, zinachititsa kuti cholozera ndi zala zapakati za dzanja lamanja zinasiya kugwira ntchito. Kumeneku kunali kugwa kwa ntchito ya woimba piyano komanso chiyambi cha ntchito yoimba ndi kutsutsa nyimbo.

• 1830 Schumann amatenga maphunziro opangidwa kuchokera kwa Heinrich Dorn (mlembi wa "Nibelungs" wotchuka komanso wotsogolera Leipzig Opera House).
• 1831 - 1840 Schumann analemba ndi kutchuka ku Germany ndi kunja: "Agulugufe" (1831), "Carnival" (1834), "Davidsbündlers" (1837). Katatu kofotokoza masomphenya a woipeka pa chitukuko cha luso loimba. Nyimbo zambiri za nthawi ino zimapangidwira kuti aziimba piyano. Kukonda Clara Wieck sikutha.
• 1834 - magazini yoyamba ya "New Musical Newspaper". Robert Schumann ndi amene anayambitsa magazini yapamwamba komanso yotchuka ya nyimbo. Apa iye anapereka momasuka maganizo ake.

Kwa zaka zambiri, akatswiri amisala ananena kuti Schumann anayamba kudwala matenda ochititsa munthu kusinthasintha maganizo. Muubongo wake munali anthu aŵiri, amene anapeza mawu m’nyuzipepala yatsopano yotchedwa Eusebius ndi Floristan. Wina anali wachikondi, wina wonyoza. Uku sikunali kutha kwa chinyengo cha Schumann. Pamasamba a magaziniyi, wolembayo adadzudzula zachiphamaso ndi zaluso m'malo mwa bungwe lomwe silinakhalepo David's Brotherhood (Davidsbündler), lomwe linali Chopin ndi Mendelssohn, Berlioz ndi Schubert, Paganini komanso, Clara Wieck.

M'chaka chomwecho, 1834 analengedwa mkombero wotchuka "Carnival". Chidutswa cha nyimbo ichi ndi chithunzi cha zithunzi za oimba omwe Schumann akuwona chitukuko cha luso, mwachitsanzo, onse omwe, mwa lingaliro lake, ali oyenerera kukhala nawo mu "Davidic Brotherhood". Apa, Robert adaphatikizanso anthu ongopeka m'maganizo mwake, adadetsedwa ndi matenda.

• 1834 - 1838 analemba symphonic etudes, sonatas, "Zongopeka"; mpaka lero, zidutswa za piyano zodziwika bwino Zodabwitsa Zazidutswa, Scenes from Children (1938); wodzaza ndi sewero lachikondi la piano "Kreisleriana" (1838), kutengera wolemba wokondedwa wa Schumann Hoffmann.
• 1838 Nthawi yonseyi, Robert Schumann ali kumapeto kwa luso lamalingaliro. Wokondedwa Clara ali ndi zaka 18, koma abambo ake amatsutsana ndi ukwati wawo (ukwati ndi mapeto a ntchito ya konsati, kutanthauza kutha kwa ndalama). Mwamuna wolephera amachoka ku Vienna. Akuyembekeza kukulitsa gulu la owerenga magazini mu likulu la opera ndikupitiliza kulemba. Kuwonjezera pa wotchuka "Kreisleriana", wolemba analemba kuti: "Vienna Carnival", "Humoresque", "Noveletta", "Zongopeka mu C Major". Inali nyengo yobala zipatso kwa wolemba nyimboyo ndipo inali yoopsa kwambiri kwa mkonzi. Kuwunika kwachifumu ku Austria sikunazindikire malingaliro olimba mtima a Saxon watsopano. Magaziniyi inalephera kusindikizidwa.
• 1839 - 1843 kubwerera ku Leipzig ndikusirira ukwati ndi Clara Josephine Wieck. Inali nthawi yosangalatsa. Wolembayo adalenga pafupifupi 150 nyimbo zanyimbo, zachikondi, zoseketsa, zomwe zidasinthidwanso nthano zachijeremani ndikugwira ntchito pa mavesi a Heine, Byron, Goethe, Burns. Mantha a Friedrich Wieck sanakwaniritsidwe: Klara anapitiriza ntchito yake ya konsati ngakhale kuti anakhala mayi. Mwamuna wake ankapita naye pa maulendo ndipo anamulembera kalata. Mu 1843, Robert anapeza ntchito ya uphunzitsi yachikhalire pa Leizipg Conservatory, lokhazikitsidwa ndi bwenzi lake ndi munthu wosiririka, Felix Mendelssohn. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Schumann anayamba kulemba Concerto kwa Piano ndi Orchestra (1941-1945);
• 1844 ulendo wopita ku Russia. Ulendo wa Klara ku St. Petersburg ndi Moscow. Schumann amachitira nsanje mkazi wake kuti apambane ndi anthu, osadziwa kuti malingaliro ake adayambira mu nyimbo za ku Russia. Schumann adakhala kudzoza kwa olemba The Mighty Handful. Ntchito zake zinakhudza kwambiri Balakirev ndi Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky ndi Borodin, Rachmaninov ndi Rubinstein.
• 1845 Clara amadyetsa banja lake ndipo pang'onopang'ono amatengera ndalama kwa mwamuna wake kuti alipire zonse ziwiri. Schumann sakukhutira ndi momwe zinthu zilili. Mwamunayo akuyesera kupeza njira zopezera ndalama. Banja limasamukira ku Dresden, ku nyumba yayikulu. Awiriwa amalembera limodzi ndikusinthana kulemba ma diaries. Clara amaimba nyimbo za mwamuna wake. Iwo ali okondwa. Koma, matenda a maganizo a Schumann akuyamba kuwonjezereka. Amamva mawu ndi phokoso lalikulu losokoneza, ndipo ziwonetsero zoyambirira zimawonekera. Banja limapeza woimbayo akulankhula yekha.
• 1850 Robert adachira ku matenda ake kotero kuti adapeza ntchito ngati wotsogolera nyimbo ku Alte Theatre ku Düsseldorf. Sakufuna kuchoka m'nyumba yake yabwino ku Dresden, koma lingaliro lakufunika kopeza ndalama likufala.
• 1853 Ulendo wopambana ku Holland. Wolembayo amayesa kuyang'anira oimba ndi oimba, kuti azichita malonda, koma "mawu a m'mutu mwake" akuwonjezereka kwambiri, ubongo ukuphulika ndi zoyimba zazikulu, zomwe zimayambitsa ululu wosapiririka. Mgwirizano wa zisudzo sunapitiritsidwenso.
• 1854 Mu February, Robert Schumann, akuthawa ziwonetsero, amadziponya mu Rhine. Amapulumutsidwa, amakokedwa m'madzi oundana ndikutumizidwa ku chipatala cha amisala pafupi ndi Bonn. Clara anali ndi pakati panthawiyi, ndipo adotolo amamulangiza kuti asapite kukaonana ndi mwamuna wake.
• 1856 wolembayo amwalira m'chipatala, mkazi wake ndi ana akuluakulu amapita kwa iye nthawi ndi nthawi asanamwalire.

Schumann pafupifupi sanalembe m'chipatala. Anasiya chidutswa chosamalizidwa cha cello. Pambuyo kusintha pang'ono Klara, konsati anayamba kuchitidwa. Kwa zaka zambiri, oimba akhala akudandaula za zovuta za nyimbo. Kale m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, Shostakovich adapanga dongosolo lomwe linapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yosavuta kwa oimba. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX zapitazi, anapeza umboni wosonyeza kuti nyimbo za cello zinalembedwera za violin.

Njira yovuta yopezera chisangalalo

Kuti apeze chisangalalo cha banja, okwatiranawo anayenera kudzimana zambiri ndi kusiya zambiri. Clara Josephine Wieck anasiyana ndi abambo ake. Kusudzulana kwawo kunafika poipa kwambiri moti kwa zaka zingapo ankasumira mlandu woti akwatiwe ndi Robert Schumann.

Nthawi yosangalatsa kwambiri inali nthawi yochepa yomwe inakhala ku Dresden. Schumann anali ndi ana asanu ndi atatu: atsikana anayi ndi anyamata anayi. Mwana wamkulu anamwalira ali ndi chaka chimodzi. Wamng'ono ndi wotsiriza anabadwa pa exacerbation wa wolemba maganizo matenda. Anatchedwa Felike, dzina la Mendelssohn. Mkazi wake nthawi zonse ankathandiza Schumann ndi moyo wake wautali kulimbikitsa ntchito yake. Clara adamupatsa konsati yake yomaliza ya ntchito za piyano za mwamuna wake ali ndi zaka 74.

Mwana wachiŵiri, Ludwig, anatengera kudwala kwa abambo ake ndipo anamwaliranso ali ndi zaka 51 m’chipatala cha amisala. Ana aakazi ndi ana aamuna, oleredwa ndi makolo ndi aphunzitsi, sanali pafupi ndi makolo awo. Ana atatu anamwalira ali aang'ono: Julia (27), Ferdinand (42), Felix (25). Clara ndi mwana wake wamkazi wamkulu Maria, amene anabwerera kwa mayi ake ndi kumusamalira mu zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, analera ana a Felix wamng'ono ndi mwana wamkazi wachitatu, Julia.

Cholowa cha Robert Schumann

Sikokokomeza kutchula Robert Schumann wosintha dziko la nyimbo za Old World. Iye, monga anthu ambiri aluso, anali patsogolo pa nthawi yake ndipo sankamveka ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake.

Kuzindikirika kwakukulu kwa wolemba nyimbo ndiko kuzindikira nyimbo zake. Tsopano, m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, pamakonsati m'masukulu oimba, oimba amaimba "Sovenka" ndi "Miller" kuchokera ku "Children's Scenes". "Maloto" ochokera mkombero womwewo amatha kumveka pamakonsati okumbukira. Nyimbo zoyimba ndi ma symphonic zimasonkhanitsa maholo athunthu a omvera.

Zolemba za Schumann ndi zolemba zautolankhani zidasindikizidwa. Mlalang'amba wonse wa akatswiri anakula, amene anauziridwa ndi ntchito za wolemba. Moyo waufupi umenewu unali wowala, wachimwemwe ndi wodzaza ndi masoka, ndipo unasiya chizindikiro chake pa chikhalidwe cha dziko.