Mayesero osiyanasiyana alipo kuti azindikire khungu lamtundu, vuto la maso lomwe limakhudza kusiyana kwa mitundu, ndikukhudza 8% ya amuna motsutsana ndi 0,45% yokha ya amayi. Odziwika kwambiri mwa mayesowa ndi a Ishihara.

Khungu lakhungu (lotchedwa John Dalton wazaka za m'ma 18) ndi vuto la masomphenya lomwe limakhudza kawonedwe ka mitundu. Ndi matenda amtundu: amayamba chifukwa cha kusagwirizana (kusakhalapo kapena kusinthika) m'majini omwe amasunga ma pigment ofiira ndi obiriwira, onse omwe ali pa X chromosome, kapena pamtundu wamtundu wa buluu, pa chromosome 7 Khungu lakhungu ndilobadwa, chifukwa kholo limodzi kapena onse aŵiri angapatsire chilema chimenechi. Imafala kwambiri mwa amuna chifukwa amakhala ndi ma X chromosome awiri. Nthawi zambiri, kusaona kwamtundu kumatha kukhala kwachiwiri ndi matenda a maso kapena matenda wamba (shuga).

Kutengera ndi kuperewera kwa chibadwa, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yakhungu:

Monochromatism (kapena achromatism): munthuyo samasiyanitsa mtundu uliwonse ndipo amangowona wakuda, woyera ndi mithunzi ya imvi. Izi ndizovuta kwambiri.

Ndi dichromie : imodzi mwa majini, choncho imodzi mwa ma pigment, palibe.

• ngati jini encoding wofiira, munthuyo ndi protanopic: iye amaona buluu ndi wobiriwira okha;
• ngati ndi jini encoding wobiriwira, munthuyo ndi deuteranopic: iye amaona buluu ndi wobiriwira okha;
• Ngati ndi jini yolembera buluu, munthuyo ndi tritanopic: amawona zofiira ndi zobiriwira zokha.

The abnormal trichomatie : imodzi mwa majini imasinthidwa, malingaliro amtundu amasinthidwa.

• ngati ndi jini encoding wofiira, munthuyo ndi protanormal: amavutika kuzindikira wofiira;
• ngati ndi jini coding wobiriwira, munthuyo ndi deuteranormal: ali ndi vuto kuzindikira wobiriwira;
• ngati ndi jini yolembera buluu, munthuyo ndi wa tritanormal: amavutika kuti azindikire buluu.

Kuti muwone zolakwika izi, pali mayeso osiyanasiyana. Nazi zazikulu:

• ndikuyesa Isihara, wotchulidwa pambuyo pa mlengi wake wa ku Japan Shinobu Ishihara (1879-1963), ndi amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri. Amalola kuzindikira zofooka zamalingaliro ofiira ndi obiriwira (protanopia, protanomaly, deuteranopia, deuteranomaly). Zimabwera mu mawonekedwe a 38 otchedwa pseudo-isochromatic mbale: mu bwalo pali madontho amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu, yomwe imaonekera, kwa munthu amene amazindikira (trichomate), nambala. Mambalewa amaperekedwa mwatsatanetsatane kwa wodwala, yemwe ayenera kunena nambala yomwe amasiyanitsa kapena ayi.
• le test "kuwonera kwamitundu kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta" ndi mtundu wa ana wa mayeso a pseudo-isochromatic. M'malo mwa ziwerengero, awa ndi mawonekedwe omwe amatha kusiyanitsa pamatabwa.
• les test Panel D15 et Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue, yopangidwa ndi Dean Farnsworth mu 1943, imabwera ngati timadontho tating'ono tamitundu kuti tiyike bwino.
• Le test d'Holmgren amagwiritsa ntchito skeins zamitundu yaubweya. Atatu mwa iwo amaimira: skein A yobiriwira, B yofiirira ndi C yofiira. Wodwalayo ayenera kusankha pakati pa ma skein 40 ena 10 omwe ali oyandikana kwambiri ndi mtundu A, 5 ku mtundu B ndiyeno 5 mpaka C. Kenako ayenera kuwaika m'magulu motengera mtundu. Mayesowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuti azindikire khungu lamtundu wa oyendetsa sitima, ogwira ntchito ku njanji ndi airmen, ntchito zoletsedwa kwa anthu akhungu chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zofiira ndi zobiriwira.
• mayeso a Verriest, yopangidwa mu 1981, idapangidwira ana. zimabwera mu mawonekedwe a zizindikiro zamitundu kuti zisonkhane, ngati domino.
• ndikuyesa Pease ndi Allen (1988) idapangidwiranso ana. Zimabwera m'makona amtundu wa 4 (woyera, wofiira, wobiriwira ndi wabuluu) wokhala ndi kagawo kakang'ono ka mtundu wosiyana pakona imodzi, pamwamba pa rectangle. Mwanayo ayenera kuzindikira mitundu yake.

Mayeserowa amachitidwa ngati akukayikira za khungu lamtundu, mu "mabanja" a anthu akhungu amtundu kapena polemba ntchito zina (makamaka ntchito zoyendera anthu).

Palibe mankhwala a khungu la mtundu, lomwe silimakula kapena kusintha m'kupita kwa zaka. Ndipo anthu omwe ali ndi khungu lamtundu nthawi zambiri amalumikizana bwino ndi mawonekedwe aang'ono awa.

Pali, zowona, magalasi, ngakhale magalasi apadera, omwe ali ndi zosefera zamitundu kuti asinthe mawonekedwe, koma nthawi zambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono.