Zamkatimu
Malinga ndi WHO, World Health Office, ku France, munthu mmodzi mwa anthu 1 alionse amamwalira chifukwa cha chilengedwe. Padziko lonse lapansi, gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a imfa za makanda zingapezeke komweko.
Pali zoopseza zingapo: mtundu wa mpweya, mtundu wa nthaka, malo oipitsidwa. Ku France, nkhani yochititsa manyazi yaposachedwapa yakhudza masukulu ena, omwe amawatchula kuti ali ndi vuto la kuipitsa m'nyumba.
Ndiye kodi ndi malo ati amene akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi vutoli m’gawo lathu? Kodi kuipitsa kumeneku kumachokera kuti? Ndi mizinda iti yomwe idaipitsidwa kwambiri ku France mu 2018?
Tsambali limakupatsani chithunzithunzi cha ziwopsezo zomwe zili m'mizinda yathu, komanso njira zodzitetezera komanso kuchitapo kanthu.
Lowetsani mawu anu apa…
Mizinda yoipitsidwa kwambiri ku France mu 2019
Ndiye mizinda yoipitsidwa kwambiri ku France ndi iti? Gululo mwachiwonekere lidzakhala lopanda pake: ubwino wa mpweya, madzi ndi nthaka zimaganiziridwa, koma zomwe ziri zofunika kwambiri?
Mizinda isanu yomwe ili pamwamba pa nsanjayi imakhudzidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuipitsa, koma imapezeka mobwerezabwereza [1]
1 - Lyon Villeurbanne
Pokhala ndi anthu opitilira miliyoni imodzi, Lyon, chigawo cha Rhône, ili pamwamba paudindowu. Iye ali kumeneko mzinda wachiwiri wa ku France kumene zinyalala zowononga kwambiri zimasungidwa.
Ndi 2 miliyoni m2 ya brownfields zoipitsidwa ndi lead, chromium kapena ma hydrocarbons, dothi ndi loipitsidwa kwambiri: pali malo 66 omwe amadziwika kuti ndi oipitsidwa, ena omwe ndi owopsa. Lyon ikukhudzidwa ndi milandu yomwe yakhazikitsidwa ndi European Union.
Izi zimayang'ana mizinda yaku France pomwe malire afika povuta. Zinakumana ndi magawo angapo a nsonga za kuipitsa mu 2017 ngakhale pali njira zina. M'madera, palinso zizindikiro za arsenic ndi kuchuluka kwa nitrates m'madzi.
Titha kutchulanso, mu metropolis, mzinda wa Villeurbanne womwe uli ndi malo 34 oipitsidwa. Ndi anthu a 140, yafika pazipata zovuta zokhudzana ndi nitrogen dioxide ndi PM000 particles.
Pafupi ndi kumeneko, chigwa cha Arve chimadziwika kuti ndi chimodzi mwa malo oipitsidwa kwambiri ku France, makamaka chifukwa cha malo ake, komanso kutentha kwa nkhuni komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira komwe kumaimira pafupifupi 80%. mpweya wambiri.
2 - Marseilles
Chithunzi chojambula: Cyrille Dutrulle (ulalo)
Marseille ndi Paris nthawi zambiri amamenyera nkhondo pamwamba pa kusanja kwa mpweya. Ndi malo 50 tcheru, 2 malo wachinsinsi Seveso, ndiko kunena zoopsa pachitika ngozi, Marseille, kuwonjezera kuipitsidwa ochiritsira ogwirizana ndi zoyendera misewu, ali mkulu kuipitsa mitengo zogwirizana ndi zoyendera panyanja, popanda kuwerengera zochitika mafuta. Izi ndizomwe zimalemba kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri mumlengalenga.
Wina angaganize kuti Paris ili patsogolo pake, koma nyengo imakhudzidwanso: kutentha kwakukulu kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya. Mosaiwala kamphepo kanyanja kamene kamatumiza kuipitsidwa kwa dziko.
Zoyendera zapagulu ndizosatukuka kwambiri ku likulu la Marseille: basi imodzi yamagetsi, palibe chilimbikitso pakakhala chiwopsezo chotsimikizika: palibe zomata kapena magalimoto osiyanasiyana.
Ndizowona kuti njira zina zimakhala zovuta kusuntha, makamaka kubweretsa katundu kudoko.
Komabe, zomata za Crit'air ziyenera kuwoneka mwachangu.
3 - Paris
Mzinda woyamba wa ku France wokhudzana ndi malo otayira ma radioactive, Paris mwachiwonekere ili pamndandanda uwu.
Malinga ndi maphunziro a Air'Parif, mavuto ambiri amtundu wa mpweya amabwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pamsewu. 39% ya kuwonongeka kwa tinthu kumachokera kwina: tinthu tating'onoting'ono timanyamulidwanso ndi mphepo.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri wa WHO ndi mzinda woyamba woipitsidwa wa ku France pankhani ya mpweya wabwino, komanso mzinda wa 17 padziko lonse lapansi.
Pomwe malire a PM10 ku France ndi 20 μg / m3 - microgram pa kiyubiki mita - ndende yolembedwa mu 2015 ku likulu ndi 35 μg/m3
4 - Roubaix
Chithunzi chojambula: GabianSpirit (ulalo)
Kuipitsa kwa malo ena mumzinda wa Roubaix kumachokera m'mbuyomu komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi nsalu zamakampani.
Pamwamba pa izi Malo 38 okhala ndi lead ndi ma hydrocarbon, milingo ya tinthu ting'onoting'ono ta mpweya imakhalanso pamwamba pa muyezo.
Ku Roubaix ndi ku Hauts-de-France komwe kwabuka nkhani zonyoza masukulu okhudzidwa.
Palinso zovuta zamtundu wa mpweya m'mizinda ngati Lens kapena Douai.
5 - Strasbourg
Chithunzi chojambula: ALexandre Prévot (ulalo)
Ndi malo 40 oipitsidwa, Strasbourg, yomwe ili m’chigawo chakum’maŵa kotukuka kwambiri kwa dzikoli, ilinso ndi tinthu tambirimbiri ta tinthu tating’ono tomwe timatulutsa timadontho tokoma komanso mpweya woipa wa mumlengalenga.
Kutulutsa kumeneku kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha magalimoto a dizilo komanso kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pamsewu.
Ngakhale kuti kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kukuchepa, mzindawu umakhalabe ndi mapiri angapo chaka chilichonse.
Chenjezo lafoni yakhazikitsidwanso kuti ichenjeze anthu mu nthawi yake.
Mavuto oyipitsa makamaka amakhudza misewu ikuluikulu.
Malangizo pakachitika chiwonongeko - malinga ndi Unduna wa Zaumoyo
pakuti anthu okhala pachiwopsezo - makanda, ana aang'ono, okalamba, anthu omwe akudwala matenda a mtima kapena kupuma
✓ Pewani kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, makamaka kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kaya panja kapena panja (kuzungulira mpweya)
✓ Ngati vuto la kupuma kapena mtima likuwoneka, funsani dokotala
✓ Tulukani pang'ono ngati zizindikiro sizikuzindikirika m'nyumba
✓ Pewani misewu ikuluikulu, kumayambiriro ndi kumapeto kwa tsiku kapena nthawi yothamanga
✓ Imitsani zochitika zomwe zimafuna khama kwambiri
Kwa ena
✓ Pewani kuchita khama kwambiri
✓ Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi monga kupalasa njinga si vuto
✓ Sungani mkati mwanu: pewani fodya, zotsukira, makandulo onunkhira, ndi zina.
✓ Yatsani mpweya mgalimoto yanu kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowononga
6 - Wamng'ono
Chithunzi chojambula: Fred romero (ulalo)
Ngati malo oyamba a 5 mu kusanja akusiya malo okayikira, ndiye kuti n'zovuta kupatutsa mizindayo malinga ngati timapereka kufunika koipitsitsa kwa mpweya kapena kupezeka kwa malo oipitsidwa.
Lille metropolis imabwera m'malo athu: kale chifukwa cha zovuta zotsimikizika zakuwonongeka kwa mpweya, komanso kupezeka kwa malo oipitsidwa ndi dothi.
Pafupifupi masukulu makumi awiri ndi anazale zomwe zingakhudzidwe. Mavuto owononga mpweya adakalipobe: panthawi yomwe nkhaniyi ikulembedwa, mzindawu ukukumana ndi zochitika zowonongeka kwambiri zomwe zimatsogolera, makamaka, kuchepetsa liwiro komanso kuchepetsa ntchito zina.
Chodabwitsa ichi chimalimbikitsidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri kwachilimwe
7 - Zabwino
Chithunzi chojambula: Hans Põldoja (ulalo)
Wina angaganize kuti mizinda yakumwera, kutali kwambiri ndi madera odziwika bwino a mafakitale, yapulumuka.
Koma nyengo imasewera motsutsana nawo, ndipo pali masiku ambiri pomwe malire amapitilira.
Dzuwa ndi lamphamvu, magalimoto ali ochuluka, ndipo ngakhale kuti mistral ili ndi udindo woyeretsa mpweya, mavuto a kuipitsa akupitirirabe.
Mitengo imakhalabe yolondola chifukwa chosowa makampani, koma mphamvu za mzindawu ndi zomwe zikulimbana nazo.
Nyengo imapangitsa kukhalapo kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono, kusakhalapo kwa mphepo yamphamvu kumalepheretsa kubalalika kwawo, ndipo kuipitsa kwina kumachokera kutali. Kuphatikiza pa chodabwitsa ichi, magalimoto onse amakhalabe okhazikika pamphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe zimayang'ana magwero a kuipitsa.
8 - Wokongola
Mzinda wa Grenoble umadziwika ndi mpweya wake woipitsidwa: sunafike pamwamba paudindowu ndipo umakhalabe kumbuyo kwa Paris kapena Marseille.
Ndi pamwamba pa malo ake onse omwe amapanga kuipitsidwa kwawonongeka m'chigwa, koma zinthu zikuyenda bwino m’kupita kwa zaka, makamaka chifukwa cha mfundo yolimbana ndi kuwononga chilengedwe.
Pokhala ndi malo pafupifupi makumi atatu oipitsidwa, nkhani yaubwino wa dothi ili pakatikati pa mfundo za mzindawu, zomwe zakhazikitsa mapu a malo omwe kale anali mafakitale, kuti athe kusintha ndikuwoneratu zoopsa.
9 - Zovuta
Ngongole yachithunzi: Num (ulalo)
Zimakhudzidwanso ndi chigamulo cha Khoti la ku Ulaya chotsutsana ndi dziko la France chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya wambiri: njira zikuyamba kukhazikitsidwa, makamaka chifukwa cha maonekedwe a nsonga za kuipitsidwa. Zithunzi za PM10.
Kumenekonso, masukulu ena akukumana ndi mavuto owononga nthaka : ntchito zochotsa poizoni zayamba kale.
Miyezo ya PM10 mumlengalenga imakhalabe pamwamba pa dziko lonse. Ndipo ubwino wa madziwo umachepetsedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa nitrates.
10 - Malo
Chithunzi chojambula: daniel.stark (ulalo)
Mzinda wa Le Havre umamaliza kusanja uku. Mpweya umene timapuma kumeneko ndi wabwino kwambiri, koma pano mavuto owononga chilengedwe amadetsa nkhawa kwambiri madera amadoko ndi madera mafakitale, komanso malo oipitsidwa.
Pankhani ya kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya, zipindazo zimadutsa nitrogen dioxide, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, komanso sulfure dioxide ndi ozoni. Popanda kuyiwala, pafupi ndi nyanja, nkhani zaposachedwa za kutaya zinthu mosaloledwa.
Mizinda yomwe ili ndi chiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri m'dzikoli
Sitingathe kutsimikizira kuti mzinda udzakhala wopanda zowononga zonse, koma mizinda ina imadziwika ndi mpweya wawo womwe umapuma pang'ono. Nazi zochepa:
✓ Ma Valves
Ungakhale mzinda wodetsedwa kwambiri ku France. Tikudziwa makamaka kuti milingo ya sulfure, nitrogen dioxide, ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono. Nsonga zoipitsa nsonga sizipezeka paliponse kumeneko.
✓ Ziphuphu
Ubwino wa mpweya ku Limoges ndi wabwino pafupifupi pafupifupi kotala la chaka.
✓ Brest
Pali pafupifupi masiku makumi awiri okha pamene mpweya umawoneka woipa, nthawi zambiri m'nyengo yozizira.
✓ Pau (FR)
Kupatula chilimwe pamene malo a mzindawo, pafupi ndi bedi la Pyrenees, amatulutsa nsonga za kuipitsa, mukhoza kudzaza mpweya wabwino chaka chonse.
✓ Perpignan
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, makamaka pakati pa mzinda, kusapezeka kwa kuwonongeka kwa mafakitale kumayika Perpignan paudindo.
Chidule cha madera athu
Pankhani ya nthaka yabwino, kusagwirizana kuli kwakukulu mkati mwa mzinda wa France. Musanazindikire kusanja kwa mizinda, nayi mwachidule mwachidule madera omwe ali ndi dothi ndi malo ambiri oipitsidwa. M'malingaliro anu:
➔ Kumpoto (59)
Dera laulimi lomwe lili ndi zoposa 70%, lomwe lili ndi mafakitale amphamvu, dera la Kumpoto lili ndi malo ovomerezeka a 497, omwe ndi okwera kwambiri mdzikolo. Apa ndipamenenso zachitika zonyoza zaposachedwa zokhudzana ndi masukulu oyipitsidwa mumzinda wa Roubaix.
➔ Zolemba-et-Marne (77)
Pali malo 303 oipitsidwa mu dipatimentiyi. Kuipitsa kumeneku kwenikweni kumakhala kwa mafakitale. Tikhozanso kuzindikira kuti madzi alibe madzi chifukwa cha nitrates, mercury ndi phosphates zomwe zimapezeka kumeneko.
➔ The Gironde (33)
Kuipitsa ku Gironde kumabwera makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito yolima vinyo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kumenekonso, kuyandikira kwa masukulu ena ku mipesa kwayamba kudzutsa mafunso.
M'malo mwake, madipatimenti ena alibe malo aliwonse oipitsidwa: Cantal, Creuse, Gers, kapena Lozère.
Mizinda iyi ku France komwe timapuma moyipa
Kodi timakhala bwino kumudzi kusiyana ndi mumzinda?
Ngakhale mizinda itakhala yochulukirachulukira m’mafakitale ndi zoyendera, ndipo ili ndi chiŵerengero chokwera cha kuipitsa, munthu sayenera kunyalanyazanso kuipitsa kwa madera aulimi. Chigwa cha Arve, chomwe chili pakatikati pa mapiri a Alps a ku France, akuti ndi amodzi mwa malo oipitsidwa kwambiri ku France.
Ili pafupi ndi mayendedwe otanganidwa kwambiri, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira, anthu amawotcha ndi nkhuni. Magalimoto 500 onyamula katundu wolemera omwe amazungulira mchigwachi chaka chilichonse amalepheretsa anthu kupuma. Nthawi zina zimachitika, m'chigwachi, kuti nsonga ya kuipitsa imafalikira kwa miyezi ingapo (2)
Izi ndizomwe zimayambitsa matenda ambiri, kuyambira kulephera kupuma mpaka khansa.
Pakati pa midzi, simukukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi magalimoto, koma mukhoza kukhudzidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zowononga zaulimi. Osanenanso kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa mpweya timayenda.
M'mizinda yathu / kumidzi, tisaiwalenso za madera ogulitsa. Amapezeka makamaka kum'mawa kwa France, kuwonjezera pa mphepo zomwe zikubwera kuchokera kumadzulo.
Chigwa cha Rhône, monga momwe chinathandizira kwambiri m’mafakitale m’dzikolo, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi choipitsidwa kwambiri, monganso chigwa chakumunsi cha Seine.
Ubwino wa mpweya wa m'tauni umadzutsa mafunso ku France
Kutsogolera podium? Sitingathe kuwapeza omwe tikadawaganizira. Sikuti mizinda ikuluikulu ndiyomwe imalemba tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono tambirimbiri tomwe timakhala mumlengalenga.
Mzinda wa Seine-Saint-Denis, Chidole amalemba mbiri yokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'ono mlengalenga, ndi 36 μg / m3 kwa mzinda wokhala ndi anthu 55. (3)
Mutauni wachiwiri mgululi, womwe uli ku Seine-et-Marne, uli ndi anthu 15. Mavuto owononga mpweya akuwonjezedwa ku nkhani zochititsa manyazi zaposachedwapa zokhudza madzi osatetezeka.
Komabe, ngati tingosunga mizinda ya anthu oposa 100, tikhoza kuzindikira mizinda ikuluikulu ya ku France yomwe ikuwonekera pamwamba pa mndandanda wa mpweya wosapuma kwambiri. Kutengera ngati timayeza tinthu ta PM000 kapena PM10, masanjidwewo amasintha pang'ono, koma timapeza mizinda ina mobwerezabwereza. (4)
Tisaiwalenso kuti kuipitsidwa kwa tinthu tating'ono sikowonongeka kwa mpweya kokha komwe tingavutike nako. Mizinda yomwe ili ndi mpweya wambiri wa carbon monoxide imakhalabe Paris, Toulouse ndi mzinda wa Saint-Denis.
Choncho n'zovuta kupanga chigawo chotsimikizika cha mizinda m'dziko lomwe mpweya wake ndi woipitsidwa kwambiri: zimadalira poyamba pa mtundu wa kuipitsa komwe kumayesedwa. Zinthu zingasinthenso chaka ndi chaka.
Koma kusinthika kwakukulu kumakhalabe kuchuluka kwa masiku omwe akukhudzidwa mchaka: ndi data yomwe ili yofunika kwambiri. Mzinda ukhoza kukhudzidwa ndi mapiri oipitsidwa ndi okwera chifukwa cha zochitika zina kapena nyengo.
Ikhozanso kuipitsidwa pafupipafupi komanso mosalekeza. Ngati tiganizira izi, mizinda yomwe ili pamwamba kwambiri, Marseille, Cannes, ndi Toulon, makamaka ili kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa France. (5)
Kumvetsetsa kuipitsa
Kodi tikukamba za chiyani kwenikweni?
Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndizomwe zili pamtima pa nkhani ndipo ndi nkhani yaposachedwa ya European Union pamlandu wotsutsana ndi dziko la France komanso apilo omwe nzika zake zimachitika pafupipafupi. Zimaphatikizidwa ndi zovuta zina za kuipitsa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu zomwe zingasokoneze madzi ndi nthaka.
Tsiku lililonse, pafupifupi 14 malita a mpweya kudutsa munjira yathu ya kupuma. Ndipo mumlengalenga timapeza ziwopsezo zosawoneka. Amachokera ku ntchito zamafakitale ndi zaulimi, kuchokera ku gawo la zoyendera, komanso kuchokera ku zomera zoyaka moto, ntchito zapakhomo, ngakhalenso kusuta.
Malinga ndi World Health Organisation [1], pafupifupi Mizinda 500 yaku France imapitilira malire a tinthu tating'onoting'ono mlengalenga. Mu dziko, kuposa 9 anthu pa 10 khalani ndi mpweya woipitsidwa, osachepera wodzaza ndi tinthu tating'ono tomwe timapanga PM10 ndi PM2,5.
Imfa zobwera chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya zitha kuwerengedwa m'mamiliyoni, chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya wakunja, makamaka chifukwa cha zochitika zamafakitale ndi magalimoto, komanso kuwonongeka kwa mpweya wamkati. Ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha ngozi cerebrovascular, kupuma pathologies, m`mapapo mwanga matenda kapena khansa.
Kodi zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa ndi zotani?
Kuwonongeka kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono, komwe kumayambitsa matenda ambiri opuma, kumachokera makamaka m'mafakitale, zoyendera ndi zaulimi, komanso kupanga malo opangira magetsi oyaka ndi malasha.
Nthawi zambiri timayiwala khalidwe la mpweya wamkati : kunyumba, ku ofesi, ngakhale kusukulu. Khalidweli lingakhudzidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyaka moto, ntchito za anthu monga kusuta kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapakhomo, komanso zitha kubwera kuchokera kuzinthu zomangira ndi mipando.
PM, kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadutsa mumlengalenga ndikulowa mu mtima wa mapapu ndi mpweya. Amakhulupirira kuti ndi amene amachititsa kuti anthu oposa 40 amafa chaka chilichonse ku France [000].
Amagawidwa molingana ndi kukula kwawo: gawo lililonse limakhala ndi malire, kupitirira pomwe zinthu zimayamba kukhala zowopsa kwa thanzi la munthu.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono, makamaka PM10, timaunjikana m'gawolo. Mpweya wabwino ndi wachitatu womwe umayambitsa imfa ku France, kuseri kwa fodya ndi mowa.
Malinga ndi Khothi la Auditors[8], 60% ya anthu angakhudzidwe ku France, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira pamene nyengo imakhala yozizira komanso yowuma. Apa ndi pamene mpweya supangidwanso ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono timayima mumlengalenga ndikulowa m'mapapu athu.
Kupatula tinthu tating'onoting'ono, mabungwe owongolera amawunika zinthu zina: nitrogen dioxide, kuchokera kumayendedwe ndi kuyaka; sulfure dioxide, yotulutsidwa ndi mafakitale; ndi ozoni, zotsatira za machitidwe osiyanasiyana a mankhwala pansi pa mphamvu ya cheza cha ultraviolet.
Nyengo ndi kusintha kwa nyengo
Poyamba, zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo poipitsa ndi zosaoneka. Koma maulalo ena otsimikiziridwa akhazikitsidwa kale.
Kale, kukwera kwa kutentha kumatanthauza kugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri zoziziritsira mpweya, mafiriji, ndi zipangizo zina zimene zimayambitsa kuipitsa m’nyumba.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ndi carbon monoxide zoimitsidwa mumlengalenga zitha kukhalanso chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa moto wa nkhalango.
Kusamuka kwatsopano kwa zomera kungayambitse kusagwirizana ndi mungu kwa anthu omwe sanakumanepo nawo. Mpweya wotizungulira udakali pachiwopsezo chosintha.
Nyengo kunja kumakhudzanso khalidwe la mpweya: kaya kuli kotentha kapena kozizira, kaya kuli mphepo kapena ayi, mvula kapena palibe.
Nyengo iliyonse idzakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa kuipitsa: imabalalika kapena kuyang'ana pa danga. Ngati mphepo ili yofooka ndipo nyengo ili bata, zidzakhala zovuta kuti zowonongazo zibalalike ndikukhalabe pamtunda, mwachitsanzo.
Kuipitsa madzi, kuwononga nthaka: zotsatira ndi zotsatira zake
Tisaiwalenso kuti si mpweya wokha umene umakhudzidwa ndi ntchito za anthu. Madzi, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri, amakhala pangozi makamaka chifukwa cha mankhwala osiyanasiyana.
Nitrates, phosphates, zitsulo zolemera monga lead zomwe zimachokera ku ulimi kapena mafakitale, ngakhale ma hydrocarbon.
Kwa zinthu zina, kuphatikiza zosokoneza za endocrine ndi kachulukidwe ka mankhwala, zimakhala zovuta kuwunika zotsatira zenizeni paumoyo wanthawi yayitali.
Izi, mumzindawu, zikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku kusamalidwa bwino kwa mapaipi omwe amawonjezera chiopsezo cha thanzi. Madzi ena samwedwanso, ena simungathenso kusamba. Zowopsa zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zosiyana malinga ndi mitundu ya kuipitsa.
Zizindikiro za nthawi yayitali zimadalira makamaka mlingo ndi nthawi yowonekera. Mtovu ndiwo umayambitsa poizoni wa mtovu. Ma hydrocarbon, nitrates, kapena arsenic amatha kuyambitsa khansa.
Pakapita nthawi, matendawa amatha kupatsirana. Matenda abwino monga matenda am'mimba ndi mycoses; ndi matenda oopsa kwambiri monga legionellosis kapena hepatitis. Mwachitsanzo, ma nitrati amapezeka m'malo omwe amawongolera m'malo ambiri chifukwa cha ntchito zaulimi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza.
Izi zimayambitsa zovuta ziwiri zazikulu: zimasintha momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira m'madzi chifukwa cha zochitika za eutrophication, ndipo ndi poizoni kwa anthu.
Amakhala poizoni kupitirira malire ena chifukwa amasandulika kukhala nitrites, kudzera mabakiteriya omwe amapezeka m'thupi. Ndi chodabwitsa ichi, magazi sangathenso kunyamula mpweya wokwanira ku maselo: ndi ngozi yomwe imakhudza makamaka anthu osalimba monga makanda.
Kwa akuluakulu, ndi owopsa chifukwa, pamodzi ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo, amapanga malo enieni a carcinogenic.
Chitanipo kanthu ndikudziteteza
Zoyendera za anthu onse ndi magalimoto
Pamaulendo afupiafupi kapena aatali, ndimakonda njira zogwirira ntchito: magalimoto ambiri amadutsa m'dziko lonselo ndikukwera munthu m'modzi. Chifukwa chake ndimawona mayankho omwe ndili nawo: sitima, basi, kuyendetsa galimoto ...
Kupalasa njinga, kuyenda: 0 zotulutsa zakutali
Zatsimikiziridwa kuti m'matauni, njingayo imakhalabe njira yothamanga kwambiri paulendo wochepera ma kilomita 5. Mmodzi mwa awiri a ku Ulaya amatenga galimoto yawo kuti ayende maulendo osakwana makilomita atatu.
Vuto ndiloti maulendo afupiafupiwa opangidwa ndi kuzizira kwa injini amatulutsa kuipitsidwa kwambiri.
Kodi nditenga galimoto? Koma mu eco-driving
Eco-driving ndi njira yoyendetsera yomwe imasunga mafuta ndipo motero imachepetsa mpweya woipa. Ndi za kuyendetsa bwino, kulemekeza malire a liwiro.
Mwachidule, osati kuyendetsa mwadzidzidzi komanso mwamakani. Ndikofunikiranso kukhala ndi galimoto yokonzedwa ndi kusamalidwa.
Malamulo amtengo wapatali oletsa kuipitsa
Kuti mudziteteze mudzadzidziwitsa nokha
Mofanana ndi mmene timaonera zanyengo m’maŵa, tingathe kuona mmene zinthu zilili pa tsiku, kaya pa intaneti, pa wailesi, kapena pa TV.
Zolosera zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuchepetsa zochitika zochulukirachulukira pakachitika chiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa, makamaka kwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo.
Pa intaneti, mutha kuwona tsamba la Prév'air kapena Airparif pachigawo chilichonse. Ntchito zochulukirachulukira monga Plume air Report zimathandizanso kudziwa index yamtundu wa mpweya munthawi yeniyeni.
Mudzakhala odziwa zoyendera za anthu onse
Pakachitika vuto lalikulu la kuipitsa, tinthu toipa timaunjikana m'chipinda cha anthu okwera m'galimoto yanu. Osanenapo kuti ndilo gwero lenileni la kuipitsa.
Kenako timakondera masitima apamtunda, mabasi, njinga ndi njira zina zofewa zoyendera m'tauni pamaulendo afupiafupi; carpooling ndi sitima kwa maulendo ataliatali.
Ndipo ngati mukufunadi kukwera galimoto yanu, tengerani anthu ena poyendetsa galimoto ndipo musaiwale za kuyendetsa galimoto.
Mumtima wamasewera mudzatero
Monga tanenera, ndi bwino kupewa kuchita zinthu zolimbitsa thupi kwambiri pakakhala kuwonongeka kwakukulu.
Zoonadi, mukamayesetsa, bronchi imatseguka ndikuyamwa mpweya wambiri: mumakhala pachiwopsezo komanso poyera. Chifukwa chake, ngati mukufuna kuthamanga kapena kusewera masewera, mumakonda kupita kumalo achilengedwe.
Galimoto yomwe imadya pang'ono mudzalimbikitsa
Mukamagula galimoto, dziwani za mpweya wake wa CO2 pogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chake. Chizindikiro chobiriwira chimakhala chosakwana magalamu 100 a CO2 pa kilomita yomwe wayenda.
Chizindikiro chofiira chimaposa 250 magalamu a CO2 pa kilomita yomwe wayenda. Titha kulimbikitsa magalimoto amagetsi: osaiwala kuti kusakanikirana kwa magetsi m'dzikoli kumakonda mphamvu ya nyukiliya.
Kwa maulendo ang'onoang'ono, amakhalabe abwino; galimoto yosakanizidwa idzakhala yoyenera kuyenda maulendo ataliatali.
Mudzakhala okhudzidwa ndi khalidwe la mpweya
Kuipitsa mpweya m'nyumba nthawi zambiri kumanyalanyazidwa, pamene zotsatira za thanzi zimakhala zofanana. Phunzirani mpweya mkati mwanu pafupipafupi kuti muteteze CO2 ndi zoipitsa kuchokera kuzinthu zoyeretsera ndi zokutira kuti zisachulukane. Mutha kuchita izi kawiri pa tsiku kwa mphindi zosachepera khumi.
Zomera zoipitsa zitha kukhalanso yankho labwino: cacti, ivy, kapena succulents.
Pewaninso zinthu zapoizoni zoyeretsera, zochokera ku zosungunulira ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi chlorinated. Pali njira zambiri zachilengedwe: vinyo wosasa woyera, soda, ngakhale sopo wakuda.
Mwa ma antioxidants omwe mungadye
N’chifukwa chiyani zimenezi zili zofunika? Thupi limasintha pafupifupi mpweya wonse umene timapuma, kupatulapo tinthu tating’ono totchedwa ma free radicals.
Kuipitsa kumakulitsa chodabwitsa ichi, ndikufulumizitsa ukalamba wa ma cell. Kudya zakudya za antioxidant kumathandizira kulimbikitsa chitetezo chamthupi ku vuto ili.
Timaganizira za zipatso zazing'ono monga blueberries, goji berries, prunes, ngakhale sitiroberi ndi raspberries, komanso masamba monga tsabola ndi broccoli.
Pomaliza
Kodi tinganene chiyani kuchokera m'gululi? Sitingathe kuloza mzinda kuti ndi wophunzira woipa: tinthu tating'onoting'ono timayenda, kuipitsa kumabalalika, ndipo vutoli likufalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Palibenso chifukwa chochita mantha ndi deta yanu: lingaliro ndikutengera khalidwe labwino ndikuzindikira vutoli.
Mfundo zambiri ndi njira zilipo, ndipo zimalola kale kusintha.
Tiyeni tiwonjezepo kuti ngakhale mizinda yathu itadutsa malire olamulira, komanso kuti France idatsutsidwa posachedwa, yomwe iyenera kubweretsa zoyesayesa zatsopano, tikhalabe okondedwa poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena adziko lapansi komwe mlengalenga ndi wosapumira. Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, kapena Pakistan.