"Ulamuliro wa zamoyo ndi chinyengo"

Kudzizindikira, mgwirizano, makhalidwe abwino… Nthawi zambiri amaganiziridwa kuti izi ndi zomwe zimatipanga kukhala anthu. Koma kufufuza kokha kochitidwa ndi akatswiri a zamoyo, akatswiri a zamakhalidwe, ndi asayansi ya minyewa ndi kumene kumawononga pang’onopang’ono zikhulupiriro zimenezi tsiku ndi tsiku. Frans de Waal ndi m'modzi mwa iwo omwe nthawi zonse amatsimikizira luso lapadera la anyani akuluakulu (omwe ali pakati pa zofuna zake za sayansi), koma osati iwo okha.

Akhwangwala, voles, nsomba - nyama zonse zimapeza mwa iye munthu watcheru kwambiri moti sakanatha kunena kuti nyamazo ndi zopusa. Popitiriza mwambo wa Charles Darwin, yemwe kumbuyoko m’zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi anatsutsa kuti kusiyana pakati pa ubongo wa munthu ndi ubongo wa nyama ndi kuchulukana, koma osati khalidwe, Frans de Waal akutipempha kuti tisiye kudziona kuti ndife apamwamba ndipo potsirizira pake tidziwona tokha monga momwe timakhalira. ndi - mitundu yachilengedwe yokhudzana ndi ena onse.

Psychology: Mwaphunzira zonse zomwe zilipo zokhudzana ndi malingaliro a nyama. Maganizo ndi chiyani?

France de Vaal: Pali mawu awiri - malingaliro ndi luntha lachidziwitso, ndiko kuti, luso lotha kudziwa zambiri, kupindula nazo. Mwachitsanzo, mleme uli ndi mphamvu ya echolocation ndipo umagwiritsa ntchito zomwe umapereka poyenda ndikusaka. Luso lachidziwitso, logwirizana kwambiri ndi kuzindikira, lili mu nyama zonse. Ndipo luntha limatanthauza kuthekera kopeza mayankho, makamaka pamavuto atsopano. Itha kupezeka mu nyama zomwe zili ndi ubongo waukulu, komanso nyama zonse zoyamwitsa, mbalame, molluscs ...

Mumatchula ntchito zambiri zomwe zimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa malingaliro mu nyama. Nanga n’cifukwa ciani maganizo a nyama saphunzila mopepuka, n’cifukwa ciani samadziŵika?

Kafukufuku wa zinyama m'zaka zana zapitazi zachitika mogwirizana ndi masukulu akuluakulu awiri. Sukulu ina, yotchuka ku Ulaya, inayesa kuchepetsa chirichonse ku chibadwa; wina, behaviourist, ponseponse mu USA, ananena kuti nyama ndi zolengedwa kungokhala chete, ndipo khalidwe lawo ndi chabe anachita ndi zokopa kunja.

Njira zophwekazi zili ndi otsatira awo mpaka lero. Komabe, m'zaka zomwezo, apainiya a sayansi yatsopano adawonekera. M’kafukufuku wotchuka wa Wolfgang Köhler zaka zana limodzi zapitazo, nthochi inapachikidwa pautali wina wake m’chipinda mmene mabokosi anamwazikana. Chimpanzicho chinaganiza zowaphatikiza kuti apite ku chipatsocho. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani? Kuti ali ndi malingaliro, kuti amatha kuwona m'mutu mwake njira yothetsera vuto latsopano. Mwachidule: amaganiza. Ndizodabwitsa!

Izi zinadabwitsa asayansi a nthawiyo, omwe, mwa mzimu wa Descartes, ankakhulupirira kuti zinyama sizingakhale zamoyo. Chinachake chasintha m'zaka zapitazi za 25, ndipo asayansi angapo, kuphatikizapo ineyo, anayamba kudzifunsa osati funso lakuti "Kodi nyama ndi zanzeru?", Koma "Kodi amagwiritsa ntchito maganizo otani komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito?".

Ndi za kukhala ndi chidwi kwenikweni ndi nyama, osati kuziyerekeza ndi ife, sichoncho?

Tsopano mukunena vuto lina lalikulu: chizoloŵezi choyeza luntha la zinyama ndi miyezo yathu yaumunthu. Mwachitsanzo, timapeza ngati angathe kulankhula, kutanthauza kuti ngati ndi choncho, ndiye kuti ali ndi malingaliro, ndipo ngati sichoncho, ndiye kuti izi zimatsimikizira kuti ndife anthu apadera komanso apamwamba. Izi ndizosagwirizana! Timatchera khutu ku ntchito zomwe tili ndi mphatso, kuyesera kuwona zomwe nyama zingachite motsutsana nazo.

Kodi njira ina yomwe mukutsatira imatchedwa chidziwitso cha chisinthiko?

Inde, ndipo kumaphatikizapo kulingalira luso lachidziwitso la mtundu uliwonse monga chotulukapo cha chisinthiko chokhudzana ndi chilengedwe. Mbalame yotchedwa dolphin yokhala pansi pamadzi imafunikira nzeru yosiyana ndi ya nyani yomwe imakhala m’mitengo; ndipo mileme imakhala ndi luso lodabwitsa la geolocalization, chifukwa izi zimawathandiza kuyenda pamtunda, kupewa zopinga ndi kugwira nyama; njuchi sizingafanane popeza maluwa…

Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi luso lake, kotero sizomveka kudabwa ngati dolphin ndi anzeru kuposa nyani kapena njuchi. Kuchokera apa tikhoza kunena mfundo imodzi yokha: m'madera ena sitingathe kuchita monga nyama. Mwachitsanzo, khalidwe la kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa kwa anyani ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa ife. Nanga n’cifukwa ciani tiyenela kukhala opambana pa ciliconse?

Chikhumbo chofuna kupeŵa kunyada kwaumunthu chimalepheretsa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi yolondola. Tidazolowera kuganiza kuti pali gulu limodzi lotsogola la zamoyo, kuyambira pamwamba kwambiri (munthu, ndithudi) mpaka pansi (tizilombo, molluscs, kapena sindikudziwa china). Koma m’chilengedwe mulibe maulamuliro!

Chilengedwe chimakhala ndi nthambi zambiri zomwe zimatambasulira mbali zosiyanasiyana. Ulamuliro wa zamoyo ndi chinyengo chabe.

Koma kodi khalidwe la munthu nlotani?

Funso lomweli limafotokoza zambiri za njira yathu yachilengedwe yachilengedwe. Kuti ndiyankhe, ndimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito chithunzi cha iceberg: gawo lake lalikulu kwambiri la pansi pa madzi limagwirizana ndi zomwe zimagwirizanitsa nyama zonse, kuphatikizapo ife. Ndipo gawo lake laling'ono kwambiri lomwe lili pamwamba pa madzi limafanana ndi za munthu. Anthu onse adalumphira pachinthu chaching'ono ichi! Koma monga wasayansi, ndimachita chidwi ndi madzi oundana onse.

Kodi kufunafuna "munthu weniweni" uku sikukugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti tiyenera kulungamitsa kudyera masuku pamutu?

Ndi zotheka kwambiri. Poyamba, pamene tinali alenje, tinali kukakamizidwa kukhala ndi ulemu wakutiwakuti ku nyama, chifukwa aliyense anazindikira mmene kunaliri kovuta kuzilondolera ndi kuzigwira. Koma kukhala mlimi ndi kosiyana: timasunga nyama m'nyumba, timazidyetsa, timagulitsa ... Ndikoyenera kuti malingaliro athu akuluakulu komanso akale a zinyama amachokera ku izi.

Chitsanzo chodziwikiratu cha komwe anthu siali apadera ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida…

Si mitundu ingapo yokha yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito, koma ambiri amawapanga, ngakhale kuti izi zakhala zikudziwika kuti ndi katundu waumunthu chabe. Mwachitsanzo: anyani akuluakulu amaperekedwa ndi chubu choyesera chowonekera, koma popeza amakhazikika bwino pamalo oongoka, sangathe kuchotsa chiponde kuchokera mmenemo. Patapita nthawi, anyani ena amasankha kukatunga madzi pa kasupe wapafupi n’kuwalavulira mu chubu choyesera kuti mtedzawo uyandame.

Ili ndi lingaliro lanzeru kwambiri, ndipo sanaphunzitsidwe kuchita izi: ayenera kulingalira madzi ngati chida, kulimbikira (kubwerera ku gwero kangapo, ngati kuli kofunikira). Akakumana ndi ntchito yomweyi, 10% yokha ya ana azaka zinayi ndi 50% ya ana azaka zisanu ndi zitatu amabwera ku lingaliro lomwelo.

Mayeso otere amafunikanso kudziletsa kwinakwake ...

Nthawi zambiri timakonda kuganiza kuti nyama zili ndi chibadwa komanso malingaliro, pomwe anthu amatha kudziletsa ndi kuganiza. Koma sizingochitika kuti wina, kuphatikizapo nyama, akhale ndi malingaliro ndipo sangawalamulire! Tangoganizani mphaka yemwe akuwona mbalame m'munda: ngati atsatira chibadwa chake, amathamangira kutsogolo ndipo mbalameyo idzawuluka.

Choncho afunika kuugwira mtima pang’ono kuti afikire nyamayo pang’onopang’ono. Amatha kubisala kuseri kwa chitsamba kwa maola ambiri, kuyembekezera nthawi yoyenera. Chitsanzo china: maulamuliro a anthu ammudzi, omwe amatchulidwa m'mitundu yambiri, monga anyani, amachokera ku kuponderezedwa kwa chibadwa ndi maganizo.

Kodi mumadziwa mayeso a marshmallow?

Mwanayo amakhala m'chipinda chopanda kanthu patebulo, ma marshmallows amaikidwa patsogolo pake ndipo amati ngati sakudya nthawi yomweyo, adzalandira wina posachedwa. Ana ena amakhoza kudziletsa, ena samatero nkomwe. Mayesowa adachitidwanso ndi anyani akulu ndi zinkhwe. Iwo ali okhoza kudzilamulira okha - ndipo ena ndi oipa momwemo! - monga ana.

Ndipo zimenezi zimadetsa nkhawa anthanthi ambiri, chifukwa zikutanthauza kuti si anthu okha amene ali ndi chifuniro.

Chifundo ndi chilungamo sizilinso pakati pathu ...

Ndizowona. Ndafufuza kwambiri za chifundo cha anyani: zimatonthoza, zimathandiza… Ponena za chilungamo, zimathandizidwa, mwa zina, ndi kafukufuku amene anyani awiri amalimbikitsidwa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso pamene apambana. , wina amapeza zoumba ndi wina chidutswa nkhaka (chomwe, ndithudi, ndi chabwino, koma osati chokoma!).

Chimpanzi chachiwiri chimatulukira kupanda chilungamo ndi kukwiya, kutaya nkhaka. Ndipo nthawi zina chimpanzi choyamba chimakana zoumba mpaka mnansi wake atapatsidwa mphesa. Chotero, lingaliro lakuti lingaliro la chilungamo liri chotulukapo cha kulingalira kwanzeru kwa zinenero likuwoneka kukhala lolakwa.

Mwachiwonekere, zochita zoterezi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mgwirizano: ngati simupeza zambiri monga momwe ndimachitira, simudzafunanso kugwirizana ndi ine, ndipo motero zidzandipweteka.

Nanga bwanji chinenero?

Pa luso lathu lonse, uwu mosakayikira uli wolunjika kwambiri. Chilankhulo cha anthu ndi chophiphiritsa kwambiri komanso zotsatira za kuphunzira, pamene chinenero cha nyama chimapangidwa ndi zizindikiro zobadwa nazo. Komabe, kufunikira kwa chilankhulo ndikokwera kwambiri.

Iwo ankaona kuti ndi koyenera kuganiza, kukumbukira, khalidwe mapulogalamu. Tsopano tikudziwa kuti sizili choncho. Zinyama zimatha kuwoneratu, zimakhala ndi kukumbukira. Katswiri wa zamaganizo Jean Piaget anatsutsa m'ma 1960 kuti kuzindikira ndi chinenero ndi zinthu ziwiri zodziimira. Nyama zikutsimikizira izi lero.

Kodi nyama zingagwiritse ntchito malingaliro awo kuchita zinthu zosakhudzana ndi kukhutiritsa zofunika zofunika? Mwachitsanzo, kwa zilandiridwenso.

M’chilengedwe, amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri ndi moyo wawo moti sangachite zimenezi. Monga momwe anthu akhala akuchitira kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Koma mukakhala ndi nthawi, mikhalidwe, ndi malingaliro, mutha kuzigwiritsa ntchito mwanjira ina.

Mwachitsanzo, posewera, monga momwe nyama zambiri zimachitira, ngakhale akuluakulu. Ndiye, ngati tilankhula za luso, pali ntchito zomwe zimasonyeza kukhalapo kwa malingaliro a rhythm, mwachitsanzo, mu zinkhwe; ndipo anyani anapezeka kuti anali aluso kwambiri pojambula. Ndikukumbukira, mwachitsanzo, chimpanzi cha ku Congo, chomwe Picasso adagula m'ma 1950.

Ndiye tiyenela kuleka kuganiza za kusiyana kwa anthu ndi nyama?

Choyamba, tiyenera kumvetsetsa bwino lomwe mtundu wathu. M'malo moziwona ngati chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi kuleredwa, ndikuziwona m'malo mopita patsogolo: ndife, choyamba, zinyama zachidziwitso komanso zamaganizo. Zomveka?

Nthawi zina inde, koma kufotokoza zamoyo wathu ngati zomveka kungakhale kulakwitsa. Muyenera kungoyang'ana dziko lathu lapansi kuti muwone kuti malingaliro amatenga gawo lalikulu momwemo. Chifukwa chake tisanyalanyaze kulolera kwathu komanso "kupatula". Ndife osalekanitsidwa ndi chilengedwe chonse.