Malinga ndi malingaliro omwe analipo kale, kukalamba kwa ubongo kumayamba pamene mwana akukhala wachinyamata. Chimake cha njirayi chimagwera pazaka zokhwima. Komabe, tsopano zatsimikiziridwa kuti ubongo waumunthu ukhoza kusintha, kubwezeretsa ndi kukonzanso, komanso pamlingo wopanda malire. Izi zimachokera ku izi kuti chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa ubongo si zaka, koma khalidwe la munthu moyo wonse.
Pali njira zomwe "ziyambitsanso" subcortical white matter neurons (zonse zomwe zimatchedwa basal nucleus); mkati mwa njirazi, ubongo umagwira ntchito mowonjezereka. The nucleus basalis imayendetsa njira ya ubongo neuroplasticity. Mawu akuti neuroplasticity amatanthauza kutha kuwongolera momwe ubongo umagwirira ntchito komanso kusunga magwiridwe antchito ake.
Ndi zaka, pali kuchepa pang'ono mu mphamvu ya ubongo, koma sikofunikira monga momwe amaganizira kale akatswiri. Ndizotheka osati kupanga njira zatsopano za neural, komanso kukonza zakale; izi zikhoza kuchitika pa moyo wa munthu. Kukwaniritsa zonse zoyamba ndi zachiwiri zimalola kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, amakhulupirira kuti zotsatira zabwino pa thupi la munthu zomwe zimapindula ndi izi zimapitirira kwa nthawi yaitali.
Zotsatira zofananazi ndi zotheka chifukwa chakuti maganizo a munthu amatha kukhudza majini ake. Anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti chibadwa chimene munthu anatengera kwa makolo awo sichikhoza kusintha. Malinga ndi chikhulupiliro chofala, munthu amalandira kuchokera kwa makolo ake katundu onse omwe adapeza kuchokera kwa makolo awo (ie, majini omwe amatsimikizira kuti ndi munthu wotani amene adzakhala wamtali komanso wovuta, ndi matenda ati omwe angakhale nawo, ndi zina zotero). ndipo katunduyu sangasinthidwe. Komabe, m’chenicheni, majini a munthu akhoza kusonkhezeredwa m’moyo wake wonse. Amasonkhezeredwa ndi zochita za wonyamulirayo, ndi maganizo ake, malingaliro ake, ndi zikhulupiriro zake.
Pakalipano, mfundo yotsatirayi ikudziwika: momwe munthu amadyera komanso moyo wake umakhudza majini ake. Zochita zolimbitsa thupi ndi zinthu zina zimasiyanso chidwi pa iwo. Masiku ano, akatswiri akuchita kafukufuku m'munda wa chikoka cha majini ndi gawo maganizo - maganizo, maganizo, chikhulupiriro cha munthu. Akatswiri akhala akukhulupirira mobwerezabwereza kuti mankhwala omwe amakhudzidwa ndi zochita za maganizo a munthu ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa majini ake. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zawo kumafanana ndi momwe zimakhudzira majini ndi kusintha kwa zakudya, moyo kapena malo okhala.
Kodi maphunzirowa akusonyeza chiyani?
Malinga ndi kunena kwa Dr. Dawson Church, zoyesayesa zake zimatsimikizira kuti malingaliro ndi chikhulupiriro cha munthu zimatha kuyambitsa majini okhudzana ndi matenda ndi kuchira. Malinga ndi iye, thupi la munthu limawerenga zambiri kuchokera mu ubongo. Malinga ndi sayansi, munthu ali ndi chibadwa chokhacho chomwe sichingasinthidwe. Komabe, mbali yaikulu imagwira ntchito yomwe majini amakhudza kawonedwe ka wonyamulira komanso njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachitika m'thupi lake, akutero Church.
Kuyesera komwe kunachitika ku Yunivesite ya Ohio kunawonetsa momveka bwino kuchuluka kwa chikoka cha zochitika zamaganizidwe pakusinthika kwa thupi. Maanja adatenga nawo gawo pakukhazikitsa kwake. Aliyense wa maphunziro anapatsidwa kuvulala pang'ono pakhungu, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti chithuza. Pambuyo pake, okwatiranawo anafunikira kukambitsirana pamutu wosamveka kwa mphindi 30 kapena kukangana pa nkhani iliyonse.
Pambuyo kuyesera, kwa milungu ingapo, akatswiri anayeza ndende mu zamoyo nkhani za mapuloteni atatu amene amakhudza mlingo wa machiritso mabala pakhungu. Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti ophunzira omwe adalowa mkangano ndikuwonetsa kukhumudwa kwakukulu ndi kukhazikika, zomwe zili m'mapuloteniwa zidakhala zotsika 40% kuposa omwe adalankhulana pamutu wosamveka; zomwezo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mlingo wa kusinthika kwa chilonda - chinali chochepa ndi chiwerengero chomwecho. Pothirira ndemanga pa kuyesera, Tchalitchi chimapereka ndondomeko yotsatirayi ya zomwe zikuchitika: puloteni imapangidwa m'thupi yomwe imayamba ntchito ya majini omwe amachititsa kubadwanso. Majini amagwiritsa ntchito ma cell cell kupanga maselo atsopano a khungu kuti abwezeretse. Koma pansi pa kupsinjika maganizo, mphamvu za thupi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potulutsa zinthu zopanikizika (adrenaline, cortisol, norepinephrine). Pankhaniyi, chizindikiro chotumizidwa ku majini ochiritsa chimakhala chofooka kwambiri. Izi zimapangitsa kuti machiritso achepe kwambiri. M'malo mwake, ngati thupi silikukakamizidwa kuyankha kuopseza kwakunja, mphamvu zake zonse zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiritsa.
N'chifukwa chiyani zili zofunika?
Pobadwa, munthu ali ndi cholowa china chomwe chimatsimikizira kuti thupi limagwira ntchito bwino panthawi yolimbitsa thupi. Koma kuthekera kwa munthu kukhalabe ndi malingaliro abwino kumakhudza mwachindunji kuthekera kwa thupi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake. Ngakhale munthu atakhala wokhazikika m'malingaliro aukali, pali njira zomwe angagwiritsire ntchito kukonza njira zake kuti zithandizire kuti zinthu zichepetse. Kupanikizika kosalekeza kumapangitsa kuti ubongo ukalamba msanga.
Kupanikizika kumatsagana ndi munthu m'moyo wake wonse. Nawa maganizo a Dr. Harvard Phyllitt wa ku United States, pulofesa wa geriatrics ku New York School of Medicine (Phyllitt amatsogoleranso maziko omwe amapanga mankhwala atsopano kwa omwe akudwala matenda a Alzheimer's). Malinga ndi Phyllit, chiwonongeko chachikulu kwambiri pa thupi chimayamba chifukwa cha kupsyinjika kwa maganizo kwa munthu mkati monga momwe amachitira ndi zokopa zakunja. Mawuwa akutsindika kuti thupi limapereka yankho linalake ku zinthu zoipa zakunja. Momwemonso momwe thupi la munthu limakhudzira ubongo; zotsatira zake zimakhala matenda osiyanasiyana amaganizo, mwachitsanzo, kulephera kukumbukira. Kupsinjika maganizo kumapangitsa kuti munthu asamakumbukire akakalamba komanso kumayambitsa matenda a Alzheimer's. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, munthu angakhale ndi lingaliro lakuti ndi wamkulu kwambiri (m’zochita zamaganizo) kuposa mmene alili m’chenicheni.
Zotsatira za kuyesa kochitidwa ndi asayansi ku yunivesite ya California zinasonyeza kuti ngati thupi limakakamizika kuyankha kupsinjika maganizo nthawi zonse, zotsatira zake zingakhale kuchepa kwa gawo lofunika kwambiri la limbic system ya ubongo - hippocampus. Mbali imeneyi ya ubongo imayendetsa njira zomwe zimathetsa kupsinjika maganizo, komanso zimatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwa kukumbukira kwa nthawi yaitali. Pankhaniyi, tikulankhulanso za mawonetseredwe a neuroplasticity, koma apa ndi zoipa.
Kupumula, munthu akuchititsa magawo pomwe amathetsa malingaliro aliwonse - izi zimakulolani kuti musinthe malingaliro anu mwachangu, motero, kusintha kuchuluka kwa zovuta m'thupi ndi mafotokozedwe a jini. Komanso, ntchito zimenezi zimakhudza dongosolo la ubongo.
Imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri za neuroplasticity ndikuti polimbikitsa madera a ubongo omwe ali ndi malingaliro abwino, mutha kulimbikitsa kulumikizana kwa neural. Zotsatirazi tingaziyerekeze ndi kulimbikitsa minofu mwa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Komano, ngati munthu nthawi zambiri amaganiza za zinthu zoopsa, tilinazo cerebellar amygdala, amene makamaka chifukwa cha maganizo oipa, kumawonjezeka. Hanson akufotokoza kuti mwa kuchita zimenezi munthu kumawonjezera chiwopsezo cha ubongo wake ndipo, chifukwa chake, m'tsogolo amayamba kukhumudwa chifukwa cha zinthu zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana.
Dongosolo lamanjenje limawona chisangalalo m'zigawo zamkati za thupi ndi gawo lapakati la ubongo, lotchedwa "chilumba". Chifukwa cha lingaliro ili, lotchedwa interoception, panthawi yolimbitsa thupi, thupi la munthu limatetezedwa ku kuvulala; zimalola munthu kumva kuti zonse ndi zachilendo ndi thupi, akutero Hanson. Kuonjezera apo, pamene “chisumbu” chili ndi thanzi labwino, chidziŵitso cha munthu ndi chifundo chake zimakula. The anterior cingate cortex ndi amene amachititsa ndende. Maderawa amatha kukhudzidwa ndi njira zapadera zotsitsimula, kukwaniritsa zotsatira zabwino pa thupi.
Mu ukalamba, kusintha maganizo ntchito zotheka chaka chilichonse.
Kwa zaka zambiri, maganizo ofala anali akuti munthu akafika msinkhu wapakati, ubongo wa munthu umayamba kutaya kusinthasintha kwake ndi luso lake. Koma zotsatira za zoyesayesa zaposachedwapa zasonyeza kuti mukafika zaka zapakati, ubongo umatha kufika pachimake cha mphamvu zake. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, zaka izi ndi yabwino kwambiri yogwira ntchito ubongo, mosasamala kanthu za makhalidwe oipa a munthuyo. Zosankha zomwe zimapangidwa pazaka izi zimadziwika ndi kuzindikira kwakukulu, popeza munthu amatsogoleredwa ndi zochitika.
Akatswiri omwe amaphunzira za ubongo nthawi zonse amatsutsa kuti ukalamba wa chiwalochi umayamba chifukwa cha imfa ya ma neutroni - maselo a ubongo. Koma posanthula ubongo pogwiritsa ntchito umisiri wotsogola, anapeza kuti muubongo wambiri muli ma neuron ochuluka m’moyo wonse. Ngakhale kuti mbali zina za ukalamba zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zina zamaganizidwe (monga nthawi yochitapo kanthu) ziwonongeke, ma neuroni akuwonjezeredwa nthawi zonse.
Munjira iyi - "kuphatikizana kwa ubongo", monga momwe akatswiri amatchulira - ma hemispheres onse amakhudzidwa mofanana. M'zaka za m'ma 1990 asayansi a ku Canada ku yunivesite ya Toronto, pogwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono lojambula ubongo, adatha kuona ntchito yake. Poyerekeza ntchito ya ubongo wa achinyamata ndi azaka zapakati, kuyesa kunachitika pa chidwi ndi kukumbukira kukumbukira. Nkhanizo zinawonetsedwa zithunzi za nkhope zomwe maina awo anayenera kuloweza mwamsanga, ndiye anayenera kutchula dzina la aliyense wa iwo.
Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti otenga nawo mbali azaka zapakati adzachita zoyipa kwambiri pantchitoyo, komabe, mosiyana ndi zomwe amayembekezera, magulu onsewa adawonetsa zotsatira zofanana. Komanso, chinthu china chinadabwitsa asayansi. Pochita positron emission tomography, zotsatirazi zinapezeka: mwa achinyamata, kutsegula kwa kugwirizana kwa neural kunachitika m'dera linalake la ubongo, ndipo mwa anthu azaka zapakati, kuwonjezera pa dera lino, gawo la prefrontal. chigawo cha ubongo chinakhudzidwanso. Kutengera izi ndi maphunziro ena, akatswiri adafotokozera chodabwitsa ichi ndikuti maphunziro ochokera m'zaka zapakati pagawo lililonse la neural network akhoza kukhala ndi zofooka; pa nthawiyi, gawo lina la ubongo linatsegulidwa kuti lipereke malipiro. Izi zikusonyeza kuti m’zaka zambiri anthu amagwiritsa ntchito ubongo wawo mokulirapo. Kuphatikiza pa izi, m'zaka zokhwima, neural network m'madera ena a ubongo imalimbikitsidwa.
Ubongo wamunthu umatha kuthana ndi mikhalidwe, kukana, pogwiritsa ntchito kusinthasintha kwake. Kusamalira thanzi lake kumathandiza kuti asonyeze zotsatira zabwino. Malingana ndi ochita kafukufuku, matenda ake amakhudzidwa ndi zakudya zoyenera, kupumula, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi (ntchito pa ntchito zovuta zowonjezereka, kuphunzira malo aliwonse), kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndi zina zotero. Zinthu izi zingakhudze ubongo pa msinkhu uliwonse - monga mu unyamata komanso ukalamba.