Mosaoneka ndi maso athu, komabe umapereka chitetezo, usana ndi usiku. Kaya ndi kuchiza matenda a khutu kapena khansa, chitetezo cha mthupi ndi chofunikira.

Chitetezo cha mthupi chimapangidwa ndi machitidwe ovuta kwambiri okhudzana ndi ziwalo zosiyanasiyana, maselo ndi zinthu. Maselo ambiri sapezeka m'magazi, koma m'magulu otchedwa lymphoid organ.

• La fupa la fupa ndi thymus. Ziwalozi zimapanga maselo oteteza thupi ( lymphocytes ).
• La mitengo, ndi ma lymph node, ndi toni ndi ma lymphoid cell masango ili pa mucous nembanemba wa m`mimba, kupuma, maliseche ndi kwamikodzo thirakiti. Nthawi zambiri ndi m'zigawo zotumphukira izi pomwe ma cell amayitanidwa kuti ayankhe.

Kuthamanga kwa chitetezo chamthupi ndikofunikira kwambiri. Izi zakhazikitsidwa, mwa zina, pakuchita bwino kwa kulumikizana pakati pa osewera osiyanasiyana omwe akukhudzidwa. Cardiovascular system ndiyo njira yokhayo yomwe imagwirizanitsa ziwalo za lymphoid.

Ngakhale sitingathe kufotokozera njira zonse, tsopano tikudziwa kuti pali mgwirizano wofunikira pakati pa chitetezo cha mthupi, dongosolo la mitsempha ndi endocrine system. Maselo ena a chitetezo cha mthupi amafanana ndi mahomoni opangidwa ndi endocrine glands, ndipo ziwalo za lymphoid zimakhala ndi zolandilira mauthenga a mitsempha ndi mahomoni.

Magawo a chitetezo cha mthupi amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri:

• kuyankha kosadziwika bwino, komwe kumapanga "chitetezo chachibadwa" (chotchedwa chifukwa chakuti chimachokera ku kubadwa), chimagwira ntchito popanda kuganizira za chikhalidwe cha tizilombo tomwe timamenyana;
• yankho lachindunji, lomwe limapereka "chitetezo chokwanira", chimaphatikizapo kuzindikira kwa wothandizira kuti aukidwe ndi kuloweza mwambowu.

Zopinga zakuthupi

La khungu ndi mucous membranes ndi zotchinga zoyamba zachilengedwe zomwe owukira amakumana nazo. Khungu ndiye chiwalo chachikulu kwambiri m'thupi ndipo chimapereka chitetezo chodabwitsa ku matenda. Kuphatikiza pakupanga mawonekedwe achilengedwe pakati pa chilengedwe ndi machitidwe athu ofunikira, imapangitsa kuti pakhale malo odana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono: pamwamba pake ndi acidic pang'ono komanso owuma, komanso yokutidwa ndi mabakiteriya "abwino". Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake ukhondo wopitilira muyeso suli chinthu chabwino ku thanzi lanu.

Mkamwa, maso, makutu, mphuno, mkodzo ndi ziwalo zoberekera zikuperekabe majeremusi. Njirazi zilinso ndi chitetezo chawo. Mwachitsanzo, kutsokomola ndi kuyetsemula kumakankhira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kunja kwa mpweya.

Kutupa

Kutupa ndiye chotchinga choyamba chokumana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadutsa mu envelopu ya thupi lathu. Mofanana ndi khungu ndi mucous nembanemba, mtundu uwu wa chitetezo cha mthupi umagwira ntchito popanda kudziwa chikhalidwe cha wothandizira omwe akumenyana nawo. Cholinga cha kutupa ndikuletsa omwe akuukirawo komanso kukonza minofu (pakakhala chovulala). Nazi zigawo zazikulu za kutupa.

• La vasodilating ndi chachikulu kuvomerezeka ma capillaries m'dera lomwe lakhudzidwalo ali ndi zotsatira zowonjezera magazi (omwe ali ndi udindo wa redness) ndi kulola kubwera kwa ochita zotupa.
• Kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi phagocytes : mtundu wa maselo oyera a magazi omwe amatha kutenga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena maselo ena odwala ndikuwawononga. Pali mitundu ingapo: monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages ndi maselo wakupha zachilengedwe (NK maselo).
• Dongosolo la kuthandizira, yomwe imaphatikizapo pafupifupi mapuloteni makumi awiri omwe amagwira ntchito mofulumira komanso amalola kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Dongosolo lothandizira litha kuyendetsedwa ndi ma virus okha kapena ndi momwe chitetezo cha mthupi chimayankhira (onani pansipa).

Masinthidwe

Pankhani ya ma virus, ma virus zotengera ndi ma glycoprotein omwe amalepheretsa kuchulukana kwa ma virus m'maselo. Akangotulutsidwa, amafalikira mu minofu ndikuyambitsa maselo oyandikana nawo oteteza chitetezo. Kukhalapo kwa poizoni wa tizilombo kungayambitsenso kupanga interferon.

Apa ndi pamene ma lymphocyte amalowa, mtundu wa maselo oyera a magazi omwe magulu awiri a magazi amasiyanitsidwa: B lymphocytes ndi T lymphocytes.

• The ma lymphocyte B pafupifupi 10% ya ma lymphocyte ozungulira m'magazi. Chitetezo cha mthupi chikakumana ndi munthu wachilendo, ma B cell amalimbikitsidwa, kuchulukitsa ndikuyamba kupanga ma antibodies. Ma antibodies ndi mapuloteni omwe amamatira ku mapuloteni achilendo; apa ndiye poyambira kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
• The T ma lymphocyte 80% ya ma lymphocyte omwe amapezeka m'magazi. Pali mitundu iwiri ya T lymphocytes: maselo a cytotoxic T omwe, akatsegulidwa, amawononga mwachindunji maselo omwe ali ndi mavairasi ndi maselo otupa, ndi maselo otsogolera T, omwe amawongolera mbali zina za chitetezo cha mthupi.

Kuyankha kwa chitetezo chamthupi kumapangitsa chitetezo chokwanira, chomwe chimayamba pakapita zaka zambiri chifukwa cha kukumana ndi mamolekyu achilendo akunja kwa thupi lathu. Chifukwa chake, chitetezo chathu cha mthupi chimakumbukira mabakiteriya ndi ma virus omwe adakumana nawo kale kuti kukumana kwachiwiri kukhale kogwira mtima komanso kofulumira. Akuti munthu wamkulu ali ndi kukumbukira 10⁹ Ku 10¹¹ mapuloteni osiyanasiyana achilendo. Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake munthu sagwira nkhuku ndi mononucleosis kawiri, mwachitsanzo. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti zotsatira za katemera ndikupangitsa kukumbukira kukumana koyamba ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

zolemba

Canadian Medical Association. Family Medical Encyclopedia, Yosankhidwa mu Reader's Digest, Canada, 1993.

Starnbach MN (Ed). Chowonadi chokhudza chitetezo chanu cha mthupi; zomwe muyenera kudziwa, Purezidenti ndi Anzake a Harvard College, United States, 2004.

Vander Aj et al. Mankhwala aumunthu, Les Éditions de la Chenelière Inc., Canada, 1995.