Zamkatimu
Zochitika zimayang'ana chifukwa chomwe timakonda kukulitsa zithunzi zathu zapa media pomwe tikuvutika ndi kuthekera kwa "zopakapaka" za digito.
"Kuwongolera" chithunzi chakunja chinayamba panthawi yomwe munthu woyamba adayang'ana pagalasi. Kumanga mapazi, mano akuda, milomo yodetsa ndi mercury, kugwiritsa ntchito ufa ndi arsenic - nthawi zasintha, komanso lingaliro la kukongola, ndipo anthu abwera ndi njira zatsopano zogogomezera kukopa. Masiku ano, simungadabwe ndi aliyense wokhala ndi zodzoladzola, zidendene, zodzitchinjiriza, zovala zamkati zopanikizana kapena bra-push-up. Mothandizidwa ndi njira zakunja, anthu amatumiza malo awo, dziko lawo lamkati, malingaliro kapena dziko kunja.
Komabe, zikafika pazithunzi, owonera ali okonzeka kuyang'ana zojambula za Photoshop kuti awonetsere nthawi yomweyo yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa mikwingwirima pansi pa maso, yopakidwa ndi burashi ya wojambula, ndi yomwe imafufutidwa ndi neural network yanzeru? Ndipo ngati muyang'ana mozama, kodi kugwiritsa ntchito retouch kumakhudza bwanji maganizo athu pa maonekedwe athu komanso maonekedwe a ena?
Photoshop: Chiyambi
Kujambula kunakhala wolowa m'malo mwa kujambula, choncho pa gawo loyamba adakopera njira yopangira chithunzi: nthawi zambiri wojambula zithunzi anawonjezera zofunikira pa chithunzichi ndikuchotsa zowonjezera. Izi zinali zachizolowezi, chifukwa ojambula omwe ankajambula zithunzi kuchokera ku chilengedwe ankakondanso zitsanzo zawo m'njira zambiri. Kuchepetsa mphuno, kuchepetsa chiuno, kusalaza makwinya - zopempha za anthu olemekezeka sizinatipatse mwayi wodziwa zomwe anthuwa ankawoneka zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo. Mofanana ndi kujambula zithunzi, kulowererapo sikunali kothandiza nthawi zonse.
M'ma studio ojambula zithunzi, omwe adayamba kutsegulidwa m'mizinda yambiri ndi chiyambi cha kupanga makamera ambiri, pamodzi ndi ojambula, panalinso ma retouchers pa antchito. Katswiri wojambula zithunzi komanso wojambula Franz Fiedler analemba kuti: “Masitudiyo ojambulira zithunzi amene mwakhama kwambiri anagwiritsa ntchito kuwongolanso zithunzi ankawakonda. Makwinya pankhope anali atapaka; nkhope za mathothomadontho “zinayeretsedwa” mwa kukhudzanso; agogo anasanduka asungwana achichepere; makhalidwe a munthu anafufutidwa. Chigoba chopanda kanthu, chophwanyika chinkawoneka ngati chithunzi chopambana. Kulawa koipa kunalibe malire, ndipo malonda ake anakula.
Zikuwoneka kuti vuto lomwe Fiedler adalemba zaka 150 zapitazo silinataye kufunika kwake ngakhale pano.
Photo retouching wakhala alipo monga ndondomeko zofunika kukonzekera fano kusindikiza. Zinali ndipo zikadali zofunika kupanga, popanda kufalitsa kosatheka. Mothandizidwa ndi retouch, mwachitsanzo, iwo sanangowongolera nkhope za atsogoleri a chipani, komanso amachotsa anthu omwe anali otsutsa nthawi ina pazithunzi. Komabe, ngati m'mbuyomu, patsogolo luso laukadaulo pakukula kwa mauthenga azidziwitso, si aliyense amene amadziwa za kusintha zithunzi, ndiye ndi chitukuko cha intaneti, aliyense adapeza mwayi "wokhala wopambana kwambiri".
Photoshop 1990 idatulutsidwa mu 1.0. Poyamba ankagwira ntchito yosindikiza mabuku. Mu 1993, pulogalamuyo idabwera ku Windows, ndipo Photoshop idayamba kufalikira, kupatsa ogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe sankaziganizira kale. Pazaka 30 za kukhalapo kwake, pulogalamuyi yasintha kwambiri momwe timaonera thupi la munthu, chifukwa zithunzi zambiri zomwe tikuwona pano zimasinthidwanso. Njira ya kudzikonda yakhala yovuta kwambiri. “Kusokonezeka maganizo kochuluka ngakhalenso kusokonezeka maganizo kumazikidwa pa kusiyana pakati pa zithunzi za munthu weniweni ndi mmene munthu alili wabwino. Munthu weniweni ndi mmene munthu amadzionera. Umunthu wabwino ndi momwe angafune kukhalira. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zithunzi ziwirizi, kumapangitsanso kusakhutira ndi inu nokha, "adatero Daria Averkova, katswiri wa zamaganizo, katswiri pa CBT Clinic, pa vutoli.
Monga kuchokera pachikuto
Pambuyo pa kupangidwa kwa Photoshop, kukonzanso kwaukali kunayamba kukwera. Mchitidwewu udatengedwa koyamba ndi magazini onyezimira, omwe adayamba kusintha matupi angwiro amitundu, ndikupanga mulingo watsopano wa kukongola. Chowonadi chinayamba kusintha, diso la munthu linazolowera 90-60-90 yovomerezeka.
Chochititsa manyazi choyamba chokhudzana ndi chinyengo cha zithunzi zonyezimira chinayambika mu 2003. Nyenyezi ya Titanic Kate Winslet adatsutsa poyera GQ kuti abwezeretsanso chithunzi chake chachikuto. Wojambulayo, yemwe amalimbikitsa kukongola kwachilengedwe, adachepetsa kwambiri chiuno chake ndikutalikitsa miyendo yake kuti asawonekenso ngati iye. Mawu amantha "chifukwa" mwachibadwa ananenedwa ndi mabuku ena. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2009, French Elle anaika pa chivundikiro zithunzi za ochita masewero Monica Bellucci ndi Eva Herzigova, amenenso sanali kuvala zodzoladzola. Komabe, kulimba mtima kusiya chithunzi choyenera sikunali kokwanira kwa atolankhani onse. M'malo ogwirira ntchito a retouchers, ngakhale ziwerengero zawo za ziwalo zosinthidwa pafupipafupi zidawonekera: anali maso ndi chifuwa.
Tsopano "photoshop yopusa" imatengedwa ngati mawonekedwe oyipa mu gloss. Kampeni zambiri zotsatsa sizimamangidwa chifukwa chosawoneka bwino, koma pa zolakwika za thupi la munthu. Pakalipano, njira zotsatsira zoterezi zimayambitsa mkangano waukulu pakati pa owerenga, koma pali kusintha kwabwino kwachilengedwe, zomwe zikukhala chikhalidwe. Kuphatikizira pamalamulo - mu 2017, atolankhani aku France adakakamizika kuyika chizindikiro "chosinthidwa" pazithunzi pogwiritsa ntchito Photoshop.
Kukhudzanso pa kanjedza
Posakhalitsa, kukonzanso zithunzi, komwe sikunalotedwe ndi akatswiri mu 2011s, kunapezeka kwa eni ake onse a smartphone. Snapchat inayambika mu 2013, FaceTune mu 2016, ndi FaceTune2 mu 2016. Anzawo adasefukira mu App Store ndi Google Play. Mu XNUMX, Nkhani zidawonekera pa nsanja ya Instagram (yomwe ndi Meta - yodziwika kuti ndi yonyanyira komanso yoletsedwa m'dziko lathu), ndipo patatha zaka zitatu omangawo adawonjezera kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito zosefera ndi masks pachithunzichi. Zochitika izi zidawonetsa kuyambika kwa nyengo yatsopano yakusinthanso zithunzi ndi makanema ndikudina kamodzi.
Zonsezi zinakulitsa chikhalidwe cha kugwirizana kwa maonekedwe aumunthu, chiyambi chomwe chimatengedwa kuti ndi zaka za m'ma 1950 - nthawi ya kubadwa kwa utolankhani wonyezimira. Chifukwa cha intaneti, zizindikiro za kukongola zakhala zikufalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri ya kukongola Rachel Weingarten, pamaso pa oimira mafuko osiyanasiyana ankalota osati chinthu chomwecho: Asiya ankalakalaka khungu loyera ngati chipale chofewa, Afirika ndi Latinos ankanyadira chiuno chobiriwira, ndipo Azungu ankaona kuti ndi mwayi kukhala ndi maso aakulu. Tsopano chithunzi cha mkazi wabwino chakhala chofala kwambiri kotero kuti malingaliro osasinthika okhudza maonekedwe aphatikizidwa m'makonzedwe a ntchito. Zinsinsi zazikulu, milomo yodzaza, mawonekedwe a mphaka, cheekbones apamwamba, mphuno yaing'ono, zojambula zojambula ndi mivi - chifukwa cha ntchito zawo zosiyanasiyana, zosefera ndi masks zimayang'ana chinthu chimodzi - kupanga chithunzi chimodzi cha cyborg.
Chikhumbo chofuna kuchita bwino choterocho chimakhala choyambitsa mavuto ambiri amaganizo ndi akuthupi. "Zikuwoneka kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zosefera ndi masks kuyenera kusewera m'manja mwathu: mudadzigwiranso nokha, ndipo tsopano umunthu wanu wa digito pamasamba ochezera ali kale pafupi kwambiri ndi momwe mumafunira. Pali zodzinenera zochepa kwa inu nokha, nkhawa zochepa - zimagwira ntchito! Koma vuto ndi loti anthu sakhala ndi zenizeni, komanso moyo weniweni, "akutero katswiri wa zamaganizo Daria Averkova.
Asayansi akuwona kuti Instagram yochokera kumalo ochezera achimwemwe kwambiri pang'onopang'ono ikusintha kukhala yapoizoni kwambiri, ikuwulutsa moyo wabwino womwe kulibe. Kwa ambiri, chakudya cha pulogalamuyi sichikuwonekanso ngati chimbale chokongola, koma chionetsero chamwano cha zomwe zatheka, kuphatikizapo kudziwonetsera. Kuphatikiza apo, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti awonjezera chizoloŵezi chowona maonekedwe awo ngati gwero la phindu, zomwe zimakulitsa vutoli: zimakhala kuti ngati munthu sangathe kuoneka wangwiro, ndiye kuti akusowa ndalama ndi mwayi.
Ngakhale kuti malo ochezera a pa Intaneti amasokoneza thanzi la anthu ambiri, pali othandizira ambiri "kudzikonza" mwadala mothandizidwa ndi zosefera. Masks ndi mapulogalamu osintha ndi njira ina yopangira opaleshoni ya pulasitiki ndi cosmetology, popanda zomwe sizingatheke kukwaniritsa Instagram Face, monga nyenyezi ya malo ochezera a pa Intaneti Kim Kardashian kapena chitsanzo chapamwamba Bella Hadid. Ichi ndichifukwa chake intaneti idakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhani yakuti Instagram ichotsa masks omwe amasokoneza mawonekedwe a nkhope kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito, ndipo akufuna kuyika chizindikiro pazithunzi zonse zomwe zasinthidwa ndi chithunzi chapadera ndikuzibisa.
Zosefera zokongola mwachisawawa
Ndi chinthu chimodzi pamene chisankho chosintha selfie yanu chimapangidwa ndi munthuyo mwiniwake, ndipo chinanso chikachitidwa ndi foni yamakono yomwe ili ndi ntchito yojambula zithunzi yomwe imayikidwa mwachisawawa. Pazida zina, sizingachotsedwe, "osalankhula" pang'ono. Nkhani zinawonekera m'ma TV ndi mutu wakuti "Samsung akuganiza kuti ndiwe wonyansa", pomwe kampaniyo inayankha kuti iyi inali njira yatsopano.
Ku Asia ndi South Korea, kubweretsa chithunzicho kukhala choyenera ndikofala kwambiri. Kusalala kwa khungu, kukula kwa maso, kuchuluka kwa milomo, kupindika kwa m'chiuno - zonsezi zitha kusinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito slider. Atsikana amagwiritsanso ntchito chithandizo cha opaleshoni ya pulasitiki, omwe amapereka maonekedwe awo "ochepa a ku Asia", pafupi ndi miyezo ya kukongola kwa ku Ulaya. Poyerekeza ndi izi, retouching mwaukali ndi mtundu wopepuka wodzipopa nokha. Kukopa kumafunika ngakhale mutalembetsa pulogalamu ya zibwenzi. Ntchito yaku South Korea Amanda "amadumpha" wogwiritsa ntchito pokhapokha ngati mbiri yake ivomerezedwa ndi omwe akhala kale muzofunsira. M'nkhaniyi, njira yosinthira yosasinthika ikuwoneka ngati yothandiza kuposa kuwukira zachinsinsi.
Vuto la zosefera, masks, ndi mapulogalamu okhudzanso mawonekedwe atha kukhala kuti amapangitsa anthu kukongola chimodzimodzi pokwaniritsa mawonekedwe amunthu payekhapayekha. Chikhumbo chofuna kukondweretsa aliyense chimabweretsa kutaya kwa iye mwini, mavuto a maganizo ndi kukana maonekedwe ake. Nkhope ya Instagram imayikidwa pamtunda wa kukongola, kupatula kusiyana kulikonse pachithunzichi. Ngakhale kuti m'zaka zaposachedwa dziko lapansi latembenukira ku chilengedwe, uku sikunapambanitse kukhudzanso poizoni, chifukwa "kukongola kwachilengedwe", komwe kumatanthauza kutsitsimuka ndi unyamata, kumakhalabe kopangidwa ndi anthu, ndipo "zodzoladzola popanda zodzoladzola" sizimatero. kutuluka mu mafashoni.