Nkhumba ndiyoonda

Nkhumba yopyapyala ili ndi mayina ambiri "ochokera kwa anthu" - dunyasha, khutu la nkhumba, kudzaza, khola, nkhumba, solokha. Kuzungulira izo, kwa nthawi yayitali, mikangano sinathe - kaya bowa ndi wodyedwa kapena wowopsa kwa anthu. Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80s m'zaka za zana lapitalo, nkhumba yowonda inkaonedwa kuti ndi yotetezeka kwambiri kuti idye, inali mlendo wokhazikika pa matebulo monga mawonekedwe a pickles, monga gawo la supu, sauces ndi mbale. Pambuyo pa 1981, chifukwa cha kufufuza kwanthaŵi yaitali, madokotala ndi akatswiri a kadyedwe anapeza kuti zinthu zina za bowa zimatha kuunjikana m’thupi ndi kuwononga kwambiri. Mu 1993, bowawo adadziwika kuti ndi wapoizoni komanso wosadyedwa. Komabe, ena othyola bowa, ngakhale odziwa zambiri komanso okoma, amapitiriza kutolera ndi kuphika nkhumba yopyapyala, kudya ndi kugawana maphikidwe.

Bowa ndi wofala kwambiri, ndipo "mawonekedwe" ake nthawi zina amasocheretsa ngakhale otolera bowa odziwa bwino ntchito, chifukwa amawoneka ngati mitundu ina ya bowa wodyedwa woyenera salting.

Malo kukula ndi maonekedwe a chakupha nkhumba

Nkhumba yopyapyala imakhala m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zobiriwira, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'nkhalango za birch ndi oak, mu zitsamba. Imakulanso m'mphepete mwa madambo ndi mitsinje, m'mphepete, mu moss pafupi ndi tsinde la mitengo ya paini, pamizu ya mitengo yakugwa. Bowa limakonda nthaka yonyowa ndipo nthawi zambiri limapezeka likukula m'magulu. Amadziwika ndi kunenepa kwambiri nthawi yonse yokolola, yomwe imatha kuyambira Julayi mpaka Okutobala.

Chovuta kuzindikira nkhumba yowonda ndikuti bowa ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi achibale ake odyedwa, komanso mitundu ina yotetezeka.

Chodziwika bwino cha nkhumba ndi chipewa chakuda, chokhala ndi mainchesi 10 mpaka 20 cm. Maonekedwe ake amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi zaka za bowa. Mulimonsemo, ili ndi m'mphepete mwake, m'miyeso yaying'ono kapu imakhala yopindika pang'ono, pakapita nthawi imakhala yathyathyathya komanso yokhumudwa pang'ono pakati, ndipo mu bowa wakale imakhala ngati funnel. M'mphepete mwake ndi velvety mosagwirizana ndi kukhudza. Mtundu wa kapu ukhoza kukhala wa azitona-bulauni kapena wofiirira, ocher - izi zimadaliranso momwe bowa wakhala akukula. Ngati mu nyengo youma kapu ya bowa ndi youma ndi fleecy, ndiye pambuyo mvula imakhala yomata ndi poterera.

Ma mbale a kapu ali ndi mawonekedwe otsika pa tsinde ndi mtundu wachikasu-bulauni. Ndiwokhuthala, osowa, amakhala ndi spores - zofiirira, zosalala, mawonekedwe a ellipsoidal.

Mwendo wa nkhumba ndi woonda komanso waufupi - osapitirira 10 cm, pafupifupi 1,5-2 cm wandiweyani, mitunduyo nthawi zambiri imakhala yofanana ndi chipewa. Mkati mwake mulibe dzenje, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a cylindrical, nthawi zina zimakhala zowonda kuchokera pansi.

Kuyang'ana maonekedwe ndi fungo la zamkati za bowa ndi njira yotsimikizika yodziwira kuti ndi yotetezeka bwanji. Akathyoka kapena kudulidwa, thupi limakhala mdima chifukwa cha kukhudzana ndi mpweya, limakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wakuda ndi fungo losasangalatsa la nkhuni zowola - kusiyana kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti athe kuzindikira zitsanzo zosadyeka. Kawirikawiri, mu zitsanzo zokhwima ndi zakale, mkati mwake amadyedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo.

Bowa adapeza dzina lake ndendende chifukwa amawoneka ngati khutu la nkhumba: chifukwa mwendo suli pakatikati pa kapu, koma umasunthidwa pang'ono m'mphepete, ulibe mawonekedwe ozungulira.

Chikoka pa thupi, zotsatira za kudya nkhumba woonda

Mpaka 1993, bowa ankaonedwa ngati zodyedwa, iwo anasonkhanitsidwa ndi yokazinga, yophika, mchere. Pambuyo pa 93, adadziwika kuti ndi poizoni, koma ambiri otola bowa, chifukwa cha chizolowezi komanso kusasamala kwawo, akupitirizabe kusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza "bomba" lapoizoni ili. Kachitidwe kake kamakhala kofanana ndi momwe ma radiation amawonekera: zotsatira zoyipa nthawi zambiri siziwoneka nthawi yomweyo, koma zimakhala ndi zotsatira zochulukirapo, ndiye kuti, poyizoni ndi bowa amatha kukhala osatha. Izi mwina ndichifukwa chake anthu akupitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito khutu la nkhumba, mosasamala akukhulupirira kuti ngati zizindikiro zowopsa sizikuwoneka nthawi yomweyo, ndiye kuti zonse zili bwino. Malingaliro olakwikawa ndi owopsa pazifukwa zingapo:

• bowa ali ndi hemolysin, hemoglutin, lectin, muscarine - zinthu zapoizoni, pamene awiri otsiriza a iwo sanawonongeke pa kutentha kutentha;
• zinthu zapoizoni ndi zovulaza zomwe zili mu bowa sizimachotsedwa m'thupi m'kati mwa moyo;
• mwa anthu omwe akudwala matenda a impso, zakudya zochokera ku nkhumba zowonda zimatha kuyambitsa poyizoni kwambiri ndi zotsatira zakupha.

Chifukwa cha zomwe zili mu muscarine wa poizoni, khutu la nkhumba limafanizidwa ndi fly agaric. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti ngati mudya fly agaric, zizindikiro za poizoni ndi imfa zidzachitika mkati mwa tsiku, ndipo zotsatira za kudya nkhumba zidzawonekera pambuyo pake.

Nkhumba yopyapyala imapangitsa kuti thupi lizidya kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa bowa, kusintha kosasinthika kumachitika m'magazi: ma antibodies kumaselo awo ofiira amagazi amayamba kupangidwa. Erythrocytes amawonongedwa, kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi ndi kulephera kwa impso kumayamba. M'tsogolomu, kuyambika kwa matenda a mtima, sitiroko kapena thrombosis ndizotheka.

Nkhumba zoonda zimakhala ndi mphamvu zoyamwa: zimakhala ngati siponji, zimayamwa mchere wazitsulo zolemera, ma radioactive isotopu a cesium ndi mkuwa kuchokera ku chilengedwe. Zosonkhanitsidwa pafupi ndi misewu, mafakitale, malo opangira magetsi a nyukiliya, bowawa amakhala owopsa komanso owopsa. Kwa chiphe chosatha, ndikwanira nthawi ndi nthawi kudya pang'ono khutu la nkhumba, mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe amchere. Kuyambira miyezi 2-3 mpaka zaka zingapo, mavuto oyamba azaumoyo angawonekere.

Zomwe zili pamwambazi sizikutanthauza kuti bowa sungathe kuyambitsa poizoni woopsa mutangodya. The chiopsezo gulu zikuphatikizapo ana, okalamba, komanso amene akudwala matenda a m`mimba thirakiti ndi impso. Kwa iwo, kudya bowa kwa mphindi 30-40 mutatha kudya kungayambitse zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

• kupweteka kwakukulu mu peritoneum;
• kutsegula m'mimba;
• nseru ndi kusanza;
• jaundice;
• kuyamwa;
• kuchuluka kulekana kwa malovu;
• thukuta;
• kufooka, kusokonezeka kwa mgwirizano;
• hypotension.

Kukachitika kuti kuchuluka kwa poizoni walowa m'thupi, ndiye kuti edema ya minyewa yaubongo ndi mapapo imachitika, ndipo chifukwa chake, imfa imachitika.

Thandizo loyamba la chiwonetsero cha poizoni

Poyizoni wa bowa amaonedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa zoopsa kwambiri. Ngati zizindikiro zokayikitsa zikuwonekera mutadya nkhumba zowonda, muyenera kuyimbira ambulansi nthawi yomweyo kapena kumutengera wovulalayo kuchipatala chapafupi posachedwa. Munthu yemwe ali ndi poizoni asanagwe m'manja mwa akatswiri, kuchapa chapamimba kumakhala kothandiza. M`pofunika kumwa madzi otentha owiritsa, ndiyeno kulimbikitsa kusanza mpaka wotuluka nkhani kukhala woyera, popanda zinyalala chakudya. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito makala opangidwa mochuluka. Komabe, madokotala okha ndi omwe angapereke chithandizo chokwanira chokwanira, choncho kudzipangira nokha sikuvomerezeka, ndipo chipatala chiyenera kulumikizidwa mulimonsemo, ngakhale njira zothandizira zoyambazo zachepetsa zizindikirozo.

Poyizoni wanthawi zonse ndi wowopsa chifukwa palibe mankhwala kwa iwo - mutha kuchepetsa zotsatira zake mothandizidwa ndi plasmapheresis ndi njira za hemodialysis, ndikuchotsa zomwe zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito antihistamines.

Nkhumba ndi yowonda - wokhala m'nkhalango zoopsa. Kutengera mwayi wofanana ndi bowa wina wodyedwa, komanso kuti ena okonda bowa amadalira zomwe "mwina adzanyamula", amalowa m'madengu a otola bowa, kenako, okonzeka, patebulo lodyera.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa bowa uku kumafanana ndi roulette ya ku Russia - poizoni akhoza kuchitika nthawi iliyonse, chifukwa ndizosatheka kufotokozera kuti ndi poizoni zingati ndi poizoni zomwe zidzapha thupi.

Ngakhale ngati palibe mavuto atangotha ​​kudya, pakapita nthawi, zotsatira za kukhudzana ndi poizoni m'thupi zimadzipangitsa kumva chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa thanzi ndi thanzi. Kuchulukana kwa zinthu zovulaza m'khutu la nkhumba kumasokoneza magwiridwe antchito a impso, mkhalidwe wamagazi, ndi dongosolo lamtima.

Choncho, madokotala, akatswiri a kadyedwe, ndi odziwa bwino ntchito yothyola bowa amalangiza kusankha bowa wina, wodyedwa komanso wotetezeka kuti athyole ndi kuphika.