Chala (kuchokera ku arteil yakale yaku France, kuchokera ku Latin articulus, kutanthauza cholumikizira chaching'ono) ndikukulitsa phazi.

malo. Zala zazing'ono zili zisanu pa phazi lililonse, ndipo zawerengedwa kuchokera pankhope yapakatikati mpaka pankhope yakutsogolo:

• chala choyamba, chotchedwa hallux kapena chala chachikulu;
• chala chachiwiri, chotchedwa secundus kapena depasus;
• chala chachitatu, chotchedwa tertius kapena centrus;
• chala chachinayi, chotchedwa chachinayi kapena chisanafike kunja;
• chala chachisanu, chotchedwa quintus kapena exterius, ndipo makamaka chala chaching'ono.

mafupa. Chala chilichonse chili ndi ma phalange atatu, kupatula chala choyamba chomwe chili ndi ziwiri zokha. Maziko a phalanges amalankhula ndi metatarsus (1).

Minofu. Kulowerera makamaka kumapazi, minofu ya phazi imagawika m'magawo anayi (1):

• Mzere woyamba umapangidwa ndi minofu ya abductor ya chala chachikulu chakumapazi, flexor digitorum brevis muscle ndi abductor minofu ya chala chaching'ono.
• Mzere wachiwiri umapangidwa ndi minofu ya lumbral, minofu yolumikizira zala zakumapeto za 2 komanso ma tendon a minofu yayitali yazala zazala.
• Mzere wachitatu umapangidwa ndi flexor digitorum brevis ndi adductor hallucis brevis minofu, komanso flexor digitorum brevis muscle.
• Mzere wachinayi uli ndi minofu ya adductor ya zala, kupatula minofu ya abductor ya chala chachikulu chakumapeto chomwe chili mgawo loyamba.

Vascularization ndi innervation. Gulu la 1 ndi 2 la minofu limapanga ndege yapamwambapa. Mzere wa 3 ndi 4 wa minofu umapanga ndege yakuya ya mitsempha (1).

Khola loteteza. Zala zazunguliridwa ndi khungu ndipo zili ndi misomali kumtunda kwawo.

Thandizo lolemera thupi. Imodzi mwa ntchito zala zakuphazi ndikuthandizira kulemera kwa thupi. (2)

Malo amodzi ndi olimba phazi. Kapangidwe kazala zakuphazi kumathandizira kukhalabe wolimbitsa thupi, kulimbitsa thupi, komanso kuchita mayendedwe osiyanasiyana kuphatikiza kuthamanga kwa thupi poyenda. (2) (3)

Mavuto osiyanasiyana amatha kubwera kumapazi. Zoyambitsa zawo ndizosiyanasiyana koma zimatha kulumikizidwa ndi kupindika, kusokonekera, kuvulala, matenda, kutupa, kapena matenda opatsirana. Mavutowa amatha kuwonetsedwa makamaka ndi kupweteka kwa mapazi.

Mapangidwe a phalanges. Ma phalanges azala amatha kuthyoka. (4)

Anomali. Phazi ndi zala zimatha kupunduka. Mwachitsanzo, hallux valgus ndi vuto lobadwa nalo lomwe limapangitsa chala chachikulu kutembenukira panja. Malo omwe amakhala pakatikati amafufuma ndikukhala achifundo, ngakhale kuwawa (5).

Matenda a fupa. Matenda osiyanasiyana amatha kukhudza mafupa ndikusintha kapangidwe kake. Osteoporosis ndi amodzi mwa matenda ofala kwambiri. Zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa mafupa komwe kumapezeka mwa anthu azaka zopitilira 60. Imakulitsa kufooka kwa mafupa ndikulimbikitsa ngongole.

Kutenga. Zala zitha kutenga matenda, kuphatikizapo bowa ndi mavairasi.

• Phazi la othamanga. Phazi la othamanga ndi matenda a fungal omwe amapezeka pakhungu la zala.
• Onychomycosis. Matendawa, omwe amadziwikanso kuti fungus ya msomali, amafanana ndi matenda a fungal mumisomali. Misomali yomwe imakhudzidwa kwambiri nthawi zambiri imakhala yayikulu komanso yaying'ono (6).
• Zomera za Plantar. Zopezeka makamaka kumapazi, zimakhala ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amatsogolera zotupa pakhungu.

Rheumatism. Rheumatism imaphatikizapo matenda onse omwe amakhudza zimfundo, makamaka zala zakuphazi. Mtundu wina wa nyamakazi, gout nthawi zambiri umapezeka m'malo olumikizana ndi chala chachikulu chakumapazi.

Chithandizo cha mankhwala. Kutengera matenda omwe amapezeka, njira zosiyanasiyana zitha kuperekedwa kuti ziwongolere kapena kulimbitsa minofu ya mafupa, kuchepetsa kupweteka ndi kutupa. Ngati munthu ali ndi kachilombo, mankhwala opatsirana amatha kuperekedwa ngati mankhwala ophera fungal.

Chithandizo cha opaleshoni. Kutengera matenda omwe amapezeka, opaleshoni imatha kuchitidwa. Pakaphulika, kuyika zikhomo, mbale yosungidwira kapena chosungira chakunja kungakhale kofunikira.

Chithandizo cha mafupa. Pakaphulika, pulasitala amatha kuchita.

Kufufuza mwakuthupi. Matendawa amayamba ndikuwonetsetsa zala zakumapazi ndikuwunika zomwe wodwala akuwona.

Kuyesa kuyerekezera kwachipatala. Kuyesedwa kwachipatala nthawi zambiri kumathandizidwa ndi mayeso azachipatala monga X-ray, CT scan, MRI, scintigraphy kapena bone densitometry kuti awone mafupa.

Kusanthula kwachipatala. Pofuna kuzindikira zovuta zina, kusanthula magazi kapena mkodzo kumatha kuchitika monga, mulingo wa phosphorous kapena calcium. Pankhani ya matenda a mafangasi, nyemba zingatengedwe kuti zitsimikizire matendawa.

Mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka zala zakumiyendo. Mawu osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauzira mawonekedwe ndi zala zakuphazi. Mawu oti "phazi la Aigupto" amafanana ndi mapazi omwe zala zawo sizikukula kuyambira chala chachikulu mpaka chala chachikulu chakumapazi. Mawu oti "phazi lachi Greek" amatanthauzira mapazi omwe chala chake chachiwiri chimatalika kuposa zinazo. Mawu oti "phazi lalikulu" amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene zala zonse ndizofanana.