Truffles ndiwothandiza kwambiri komanso bowa wokwera mtengo kwambiri. Mtengo wa kilogalamu imodzi ya matupi a fruitingwa ukhoza kufika ma euro zikwi zingapo. Chifukwa chake, ngati mudziwa ukadaulo woyenera wokulitsa ma truffles ndikupanga malo abwino kwambiri olima bowa, mutha kudzilemeretsa. Zowona, zokolola ziyenera kudikirira nthawi yayitali (mpaka zaka 7). Ndipo nthawi yonseyi, malo ofesedwa ndi mycelium sayenera kupondedwa.
Truffle (kuchokera ku lat. Tuber) - ndi yamtundu wa bowa wa marsupial. Chipatso thupi la bowa ndi tuberous, minofu, amakula mobisa pa akuya 10-20 cm. Pali mitundu yambiri ya truffles. Kwenikweni, ma truffles amamera m'nkhalango za kum'mwera kwa France ndi kumpoto kwa Italy, koma amapezekanso ku Dziko Lathu, Belarus, our country, ndi Central Asia.
Momwe mungakulire bowa wa truffle zafotokozedwa patsamba lino.
Kodi truffles amawoneka bwanji?
Chomeracho ndi saprophyte. Amapanga mycorrhiza ndi mizu ya mitengo monga thundu ndi beech, ndipo amadya organic zinthu kuchokera munthaka. Matupi a zipatso, monga lamulo, amakhala osakhazikika, ozungulira kapena oval. Pamwamba pake ndi fibrous. Mtundu wa truffle umatengera mtundu wake. M'malo mwake, bowa amatha kukhala ngati mbatata kapena kukhala ndi mawonekedwe a nsangalabwi. Pakhoza kukhala mikwingwirima yokhala ndi ma rimu opanda mtundu. Matumba ooneka ngati thumba, okhala ndi spores obulungika ndi msana wosaoneka. Si mitundu yonse ya truffles yomwe imadyedwa. Zofunika kwambiri ndi French wakuda, kapena Perigord, ndi woyera Piedmontese truffles. M'dziko Lathu, pali mtundu umodzi wa truffles - chilimwe. Bowawa amafufuzidwa mothandizidwa ndi agalu ndi nkhumba zophunzitsidwa mwapadera. Nthawi zina mumatha kupeza ma truffles pansi pa masamba owola - midge imayendayenda pamwamba pawo.
Mbalame yakuda, kapena yozizira, imakhala ndi thupi lachipatso lozungulira lokhala ndi mawonekedwe akuda kapena imvi. Kukula kwake kumasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku mtedza kupita ku apulo wapakatikati. Zamkati za thupi la fruiting ndi zofiira, zitacha zimakhala zofiirira-zakuda. Bowawa ali ndi fungo lamphamvu komanso kukoma kosakhwima.
Bowa wodyedwa uli ndi zinthu zomwe zimapezeka muzomera ndi nyama. Chiwerengero chawo ndi ndende si nthawi zonse ndipo zimadalira nyengo, nyengo, zachilengedwe ndi zina. M'chilimwe, ndi kusowa kwa chinyezi, kuchuluka kwa zinthu za nyama mu bowa kumawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo bowawo umakhala wakupha chifukwa cha izi.
Momwe ma truffles amawonekera akuwonetsedwa pazithunzi izi:
Momwe mungakulire truffles m'njira yoyenera
Kukula bowa monga truffles wakuda kumatheka kokha mu oak, hornbeam, mtedza ndi beech groves. Ndi pamizu ya mitengo iyi yomwe bowa amamera, ndikupanga mycorrhiza nawo. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito minda yachilengedwe kapena yobzalidwa mwapadera. Chinthu china chofunikira pakukula kwa bowa ndi nyengo yofunda. Truffle salola kuzizira kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira komanso kutentha kwambiri m'chilimwe. Zimafunika nyengo yachisanu komanso yoziziritsa komanso yotentha. Truffles amatha kulimidwa m'nthaka ya calcareous. Kuphatikiza apo, nthaka iyenera kukhala yothira bwino komanso yopatsa thanzi.
Kulima mochita kupanga kwa ma truffles kumatengera kuyika minda ndikuwonjezera dothi lochokera kumalo achilengedwe a bowa kupita kunthaka.
Musanayambe kukula ma truffles, ndikofunikira kusankha malo oyenera mitengo yomwe ili pamizu yomwe bowa amamera. Iyenera kutetezedwa ku zovuta zonse zanyengo, kutetezedwa ku zomera zina komanso nyama. Dziko liyenera kumasulidwa ku zitsamba ndi bowa zina. Malowa ayenera kukhala patali ndi mitengo ina yomwe ingakhudze kukula ndi kukula kwa truffles. Nthaka iyenera kuyang'anitsitsa pH. Chifukwa chiyani ikani chitsanzo cha dothi mumtsuko waung'ono ndikutsanulira vinyo wosasa woyera pang'ono. Ngati chisakanizocho chikuwomba pang'ono, ndiye kuti nthaka si yoyenera kwa truffles - iyenera kukhala yamchere. Kuti muchite izi, laimu ayenera kuwonjezeredwa pang'onopang'ono pansi. Ndiye muyenera kubzala mitengo ingapo - oak, hazel, beech, hornbeam.
Kuti mubereke bwino ma truffles, mycelium iyenera kubweretsedwa pamodzi ndi nthaka yotengedwa kumalo achilengedwe a bowa. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kukumba mycelium mozama masentimita 10-15 ndikuyiyika pafupi ndi mitengo. Mukhozanso kuthyola zipatso zakupsa za bowa mu zidutswa zingapo ndikuziyika pafupi ndi mizu ya mbande. Tsopano makampani ena amagulitsa mbande za mtengo wa mtedza wokhala ndi timbewu ta truffle tomezetsanidwa kale. Mukabzala mitengo yotere, malo owonjezera kuchokera kumalo okhala sikufunika. Kuyika kwa Mycelium kuyenera kuchitika kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena koyambilira kwa autumn.
Chofunikira pakukula kwa truffles ndikuthirira kwambiri komanso pafupipafupi m'munda wachilimwe ndi madzi ofunda. Muyeneranso kuonetsetsa kuti palibe amene akupondapo. Kukolola kumawonekera patatha zaka 5-7 mutabzala mbande. Fruiting imatha zaka 25-30. Matupi a zipatso nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nthaka mu zisa za zidutswa 3-7 chilichonse. Ma truffles akacha, nthaka pamwamba pake imakwera pang'ono, ndipo udzu womwe uli pafupi ndi chisacho umauma. Zizindikirozi zimakhala ngati chiyambi cha kukolola. Monga lamulo, ma truffles amacha mu autumn ndipo amakololedwa mpaka nthawi yozizira. Bowa lililonse liyenera kukulungidwa mu zikopa ndikuyika mu mpunga wouma - motere chinyezi chimasungidwa mu bowa. Komanso, sayenera kuchotsedwa kwathunthu padziko lapansi. Dziko lapansi limateteza bowa kuti lisawonongeke komanso ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Bowa ayenera kusungidwa mufiriji.