Mukhoza kubzala mitundu yambiri ya bowa nokha. Ndipo morels ndi chimodzimodzi. Kukula m'munda wa kuseri kwa mabedi opangidwa mwapadera kapena malo olimidwa m'nkhalango ndi njira yosangalatsa komanso yosavutikira. Chinthu chachikulu ndikupeza mycelium yapamwamba kwambiri ya morels ndikutsatira mosamalitsa malingaliro onse okulitsa bowa wamtunduwu.
Morels ndi a banja la Morchkovy (Morshellovy). Odziwika kwambiri ndi c. wamtali, wokhala ndi conical, ndi steppe, s. edible (zenizeni) ndi morel kapu. Mitundu yonseyi imatha kulimidwa.
Kodi ma morels amakula kuti ndipo amawoneka bwanji?
Kuthengo, bowa wa banja la morel amamera kumadera otentha a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi kuchokera ku Ulaya kupita ku America, ndipo amapezekanso ku Australia ndi kuzilumba zingapo za Kumwera kwa dziko lapansi. Morels amamera makamaka m'nkhalango, amakonda nkhalango zotakata kapena zosakanikirana, koma nthawi zina amameranso pakati pa mitengo ya paini, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mapaki ndi m'malo osungirako nkhalango. Mitundu yonse 5 yodziwika bwino ya ma morels imakula m'dziko lathu, imapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse - kuchokera kudera la nkhalango-tundra kumwera mpaka nkhalango ya steppe kumpoto, kuchokera kumadzulo chakumadzulo kwa gawo la Europe kupita ku Far East, Iwo ali ambiri mu Urals ndi Siberia. Kumadera akummwera kwa Dziko Lathu, nthawi zambiri amamera m'minda yakutsogolo ndi kapinga, amakonda dothi lamchenga, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amamera m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, amakonda kukhazikika m'malo otsetsereka ndi phulusa lankhalango.
Morels amatengedwa ngati bowa wa masika, kum'mwera kwa gawo la Europe la Dziko Lathu amakula kuyambira Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, m'magawo apakati ndi kumpoto amayamba kubala zipatso kuyambira theka lachiwiri la Meyi mpaka Juni. M'nyengo yabwino, bowa amapezekanso m'nyengo yotentha.
Mwa chikhalidwe cha zakudya zawo, ma morels ndi oimira bowa a saprophytic, chifukwa chake, bowa wa banja lino amakonda dothi lachonde la calcareous kuti likule pakati pa udzu wodzala ndi zinyalala za zomera, koma limapezekanso m'malo otayira mumzinda, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala olemera pakuwola.
Ku Europe, ma morels adayamba kukula m'minda yawo, m'mapaki komanso m'mabedi omwe kale anali m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX. Ajeremani anali m'gulu la oyamba kuzindikira kuti ma morels amakula bwino paphulusa, ndipo adayamba kuwaza phulusa pamabedi.
Pakukula kwa bowa m'mafakitale, makamaka mitundu itatu ya morel imabzalidwa: morel weniweni, conical morel ndi kapu ya morel - monga oimira ambiri abanja lino.
Kunja, ma morels amawoneka mosiyana ndi bowa ena achipewa. Chovala cha morel, kutengera mtundu wake, chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena ovoid, omwe amaphimbidwa ndi maukonde a makwinya akuya. Mtundu wa bowa umasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku imvi-bulauni kupita ku chokoleti chakuda, pafupifupi wakuda. Mphepete mwa kapu mu mitundu ina amamatira ku tsinde. Tsinde ndi cylindrical, ngati kapu, dzenje mkati.
Kutalika kwa bowa kumafika 10 cm. Zamkati za morel ndizosalimba, zosweka mosavuta komanso zosweka, zimakoma kukoma, koma zilibe fungo lodziwika bwino la bowa. M'mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya ndi America, conical morel ndi chakudya chokoma.
Mitundu yonse ya morel imatengedwa kuti ndi bowa wodyedwa, oyenera kudyedwa ndi anthu atatha kuwira koyambirira.
Momwe mungabzalitsire morels
Mutha kukulitsa ma morels pogwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwamatekinoloje awiri: Chifalansa - m'mabedi opangidwa mwapadera - ndi Chijeremani, m'munda. Njira zonsezi zimagwirizana ndi kukula kwa bowa kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna madera akuluakulu kuti apeze zokolola zambiri. Njira zolimbikitsira kulima bowa pazakudya zam'nyumba m'nyumba zikupangidwa mokangalika ndi asayansi aku America, koma njira zolima bowazi sizinagwiritsidwebe ntchito kwambiri.
Morels m'chilengedwe amakonda malo owala bwino okhala ndi dothi lolemera; bowa amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kulowetsa phulusa ndi maapulo okhala ndi michere m'nthaka. Ndi zinthu izi za bowa zachilengedwe zomwe zinapanga maziko a njira za ku France ndi ku Germany za kulima kwawo.
Ndikwabwino kuswana ma morels m'munda wa zipatso kapena m'malo osankhidwa mwapadera a nkhalango yophukira uXNUMX, pomwe mthunzi wachilengedwe wamitengo umapatsa bowa mulingo wofunikira wowunikira komanso nthawi yomweyo kuwateteza ku dzuwa. Popanga mabedi, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti bowa salola madzi osasunthika a kasupe, chifukwa chake, m'malo odzipatulira, ndikofunikira kupanga njira yabwino yothira madzi osungunuka.
Musanayambe kukulitsa ma morels pamalopo, dothi lapamwamba liyenera kusinthidwa ndi gawo lapansi lokonzekera mwapadera. Amakonzedwa kuchokera ku dothi lamaluwa lamaluwa osakanikirana ndi utuchi ndi phulusa motsatira njira iyi: pa magawo asanu ndi limodzi aliwonse a dothi lamunda, onjezerani theka la utuchi ndi phulusa limodzi. Chisakanizo cha nthaka chokonzekera chiyenera kusakanizidwa ndikuyikidwa mumtunda wa masentimita 10 pamabedi okhala ndi zida. Gawo loyikidwa liyenera kuthiriridwa pamlingo wa malita 10 amadzi pa mita imodzi iliyonse ya bedi.
Mofanana ndi kulima mitundu ina ya bowa, kufesa ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito bowa wokhwima pogonana omwe amasonkhanitsidwa m'nkhalango, koma morel mycelium wogulidwa kuchokera kwa ogulitsa odalirika. Pambuyo pokonzekera bedi, mycelium imagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, kenako imakutidwa ndi dothi la 6-cm lomwe limachotsedwa pa mabedi pomanga mabedi. Nthaka imathiridwa pang'ono ndi ndodo yaing'ono yothirira kapena sprinkler yapadera, pambuyo pake bedi limakutidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zosungidwa: mphasa za udzu, nthambi zazing'ono, masamba; mutha kugwiritsa ntchito, monga achi French amachitira, pomace ya apulo.
Pambuyo kufesa mabedi ndi mycelium, ndikofunikira kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa chinyezi cha gawo lapansi. Dothi likauma, liyenera kunyowetsedwa ndi michere yapadera yomwe imalimbikitsa kufulumizitsa komanso kukulitsa kukula kwa bowa. Chimodzi mwazinthuzi, chotchedwa Baikal-EM-1, chimapangidwa ndi mafakitale apakhomo. Kuonjezera fruiting, bedi owazidwa pamwamba ndi woonda wosanjikiza phulusa. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito apulo pomace, phulusa limatha kuchotsedwanso. Zipatso zimachitika chaka chimodzi mutabzala, zimakhala pamalo amodzi kuyambira zaka 3 mpaka 5, ndipo sizifuna ndalama zambiri ndipo ndizofunikira makamaka m'mafamu ang'onoang'ono a bowa kapena olima bowa amateur. M'dzinja, mabedi ofesedwa ndi mycelium ayenera kuphimbidwanso ndi udzu, udzu, ndi masamba. M'chaka, chipale chofewa chitangosungunuka ndipo kutentha kwabwino kumakhazikitsidwa, chivundikiro chotetezachi chimachotsedwa, ndikusiya chomera chochepa kwambiri. Monga lamulo, masabata 2-3 pambuyo pochotsa chivundikiro chotetezera, bowa amayamba kubala zipatso.
Morels amasonkhanitsidwa mosamala kwambiri chifukwa cha fragility, kupotoza bowa, kuwagwira ndi mwendo kapena kudula ndi mpeni. Bowa wokonzeka akhoza kuumitsidwa kapena kuperekedwa kumisika yaiwisi, koma ma morel, chifukwa cha kufooka kwawo, amataya mawonekedwe awo poyenda.