Zamkatimu
Kulima bowa wa batala pamafakitale kumakhala ndi zovuta zina, chifukwa malo otseguka amafunikira kuti mupeze mbewu yayikulu. Koma kuti akule agulugufe m'dzikolo, monga momwe zimasonyezera, palibe zopinga. Mutapeza mycelium kuchokera ku spores za bowa wakuthengo, mutha kubzala malo okonzedwa mwapadera ndikupeza zokolola zoyamba mu chaka.
Bowa wa butter ndi wa banja la Boletov, lomwe lili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 250 ya bowa wa chipewa. M'chilengedwe, mitundu yambiri ya mafuta odzola imakhala yofala, yomwe imakhala yochuluka kwambiri mochedwa kapena mafuta enieni, larch butterdish, butterdish yofewa, mafuta achikasu-bulauni ndi granular butterdish. Mitundu yonseyi imatha kulimidwa m'minda yapanyumba kapena m'mafamu a bowa opangidwa mwapadera, kutengera momwe nthaka imapangidwira, momwe dothi limapangidwira komanso kupezeka kwa mitengo yomwe imapanga mitundu ya mafangasi iyi ndi mycorrhiza.
Kuthengo, butterdish imakula makamaka m'nkhalango zokhala ndi nyengo yofunda m'mphepete ndi kudulidwa kwa nkhalango za coniferous, m'mphepete mwa misewu, m'minda yaying'ono ya pine ndi spruces; larch butterdish amapezeka mu larch. Mafutawa amafalitsidwa kwambiri ku Ulaya ndi North America, amakhala ku Asia ndi Australia. M'dziko Lathu, butterdish amakhala paliponse: kuchokera ku Arkhangelsk ndi Vologda kumpoto mpaka kudera lamapiri a madera a Saratov ndi Voronezh ku gawo la Ulaya la dziko; Ndilofala ku Urals, Siberia ndi Far East.
Bowa wa Butter nthawi zambiri amatengedwa ngati bowa wachilimwe, amamera m'nkhalango za coniferous kuyambira Juni mpaka Okutobala, ndipo m'nyengo yotentha yophukira kumadera akumwera amapezeka mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Novembala.
Muphunzira momwe bowa wa batala amawonekera komanso momwe mungakulire molondola m'nkhaniyi.
Kufotokozera za bowa batala
Mwa chikhalidwe cha zakudya zawo, agulugufe ali m'gulu la bowa la mycorrhizal, kapena bowa wa symbiont omwe amapanga mycorrhiza ndi mizu ya mitengo yaing'ono ya coniferous. M'chilengedwe, mycelium imakula kwa zaka pafupifupi 13-15 mpaka ikamera bwino, imakonda dothi lamchenga lopepuka, la miyala ya laimu komanso lodzala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, ndipo limamera makamaka pa zinyalala za coniferous.
Mafotokozedwe a mafuta ndi odziwika kwambiri moti amasokonezedwa ndi bowa wina aliyense chifukwa cha chipewa chamafuta, chophimbidwa ndi chomata pamwamba, ndi zamkati zachikasu. Mitundu yambiri, filimu yamafuta imasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi zamkati.
Onani momwe agulugufe amawonekera muzithunzi izi - mtundu wa kapu ya bowa ndi bulauni; kutengera mtundu wawo ndi mawonekedwe a dothi, imatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera ku chikasu-bulauni mpaka kufiira-bulauni kapena azitona wofiirira:
Bowa kapu pafupifupi kufika awiri a 5-6 masentimita, koma nthawi zambiri n'zotheka kupeza bowa ndi kapu awiri a 8-12 cm. Kumayambiriro kwa kukula kwa thupi la fruiting, kapu imakhala ya hemispherical kapena convex, ndipo bowa likamakula, limawongoka ndikukhala losalala. Kutalika kwa bowa ndi pafupifupi 6-10 cm, tsinde nthawi zambiri imakhala yozungulira, mumitundu ina imatha kukhala ngati chibonga.
Bowa ali ndi kukoma kogwirizana, zakudya zopatsa thanzi, ndipo zimatha kuchitidwa ndi njira iliyonse yopangira: kuyambira kuyanika mpaka kuwira, kukuwotcha kapena pickling.
Mafuta amtundu wina, monga larch ndi okoma, amakhala ndi mankhwala omwe amachepetsa mutu waukulu komanso amachepetsa matenda a gout. Mafutawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamankhwala owerengeka.
Zithunzi izi zikuwonetsa momwe agulugufe amitundu yosiyanasiyana amawonekera:
Momwe mungakulire agulugufe m'dziko
Pakukula kwa bowa m'mafakitale, opangira mafuta amabzalidwa pang'ono chifukwa chosowa ukadaulo wopindulitsa kwambiri wolima mozama m'malo otsekedwa, chifukwa chake madera akulu okhala ndi mitengo ya coniferous amafunikira kuti apange ziwembu zamafakitale. Komabe, kulima mafuta ndikofanana ndi kukula kwa bowa wa amateur chifukwa cha zabwino za bowa, komanso chonde chambiri cha mycelium.
Mpaka pano, mu chikhalidwe cha mbewu zamafuta amakula ndi olima bowa amateur pogwiritsa ntchito njira yayikulu yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi chilengedwe.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a bowa kuti apange mycorrhiza ndi mizu ya mitengo yaying'ono ya coniferous, minda yamafuta imasankha chiwembu chokhala ndi mapine angapo, mikungudza, larch kapena spruces, kutengera mtundu wa mbale ya batala ndi kukula kwa mycelium komwe mycelium anapezeka. Zaka zomwe mitengoyo imafunikira kuyambira zaka 10 mpaka 15, ndi malo oyandikana nawo omwe bowa mycelium amakula mwachangu momwe angathere, popeza mitengo yaying'ono imatenga michere yambiri m'nthaka ndi madzi, ndikusiya chakudya chochuluka cha bowa. Mafuta amtundu wina wotengedwa m'nkhalango zosakanikirana amatha kulimidwa pansi pa mitengo yophukira yomwe imatha kupanga symbiosis. Agulugufe amakonda mthunzi wopepuka pang'ono, koma amathanso kukula m'malo adzuwa, amakonda dothi la acidic, ndipo amatha kukula pamasamba olemera.
Musanayambe kukula boletus, muyenera kuchotsa pamwamba pa nthaka pamalo osankhidwa mpaka kuya kwa masentimita 20. Izi ndi zofunika kulenga nthaka mulingo woyenera kwambiri chitukuko cha mycelium. Nthaka yopatsa thanzi batala imapangidwa kuchokera kumagulu angapo. Yoyamba, yapansi imapangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zamasamba - ikhoza kudulidwa udzu, masamba akugwa, nkhuni zodulidwa, singano. Ndikofunikira kupanga gawo lachiwiri kuchokera kudziko lapansi lomwe limasonkhanitsidwa pamalo omwe bowa amamera - pakadali pano, acid-base acid yake idzakhala pafupi kwambiri momwe mungathere, koma mutha kuyisintha ndi dothi wamba lamunda. Nthaka yapamunda yatha iyenera kuwonjezeredwa ndi humus. Bowa mycelium afesedwa pa nthaka okonzeka.
Mpaka pano, alimi ambiri a bowa amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito spores za bowa wakucha zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa m'nkhalango kuti zibzalidwe, ngakhale kuti masitolo apadera apaintaneti akupereka mafuta a mycelium omwe amamera mu labotale. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha zakudya za bowa, zomwe zimalandira zambiri zamoyo kuchokera ku mtengo umene umapanga symbiosis. Ndi zakudya zotere, kapangidwe ka nthaka, komanso mtundu wa mitengo yomwe oiler amapanga symbiosis, ndizofunikira kwambiri. Monga lamulo, pansi pazikhalidwe zomwe zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi zachilengedwe zomwe mycelium inayambira kale, matupi a fruiting samapangidwa, ngakhale kuti akukula bwino.
Mycelium yofalitsidwa imawonjezeredwa kumitengo kumapeto kwa masika. Gawo laling'ono lodzaza ndi mycelium limagawidwa mofananamo pamtunda wochepa kwambiri pamwamba pa malo okonzedwa, pambuyo pake limakutidwa ndi chomera chamasamba kapena udzu, wosanjikiza wa dimba kapena nthaka yamtchire imawonjezeredwa pamwamba. Malo ofesedwa amathiriridwa kuchokera kukuwaza ndi kupopera bwino kapena njira yodontha mpaka nthaka yamtunda itanyowa. Kuchokera pamwamba, malowa amathanso kuphimbidwa ndi masamba ochepa omwe amateteza nthaka kuti isaume. Pamene nthaka ikuuma, iyenera kunyowa.
Fruiting imapezeka patatha chaka kubzala, imapitilira pamalo amodzi mpaka zaka 15. M'dzinja, mabedi ofesedwa ndi mycelium ayenera kuphimbidwanso ndi udzu, udzu, ndi masamba. Pavuli paki, ntchitu yakuvikiliya yingutoleka, ndipu yitovya kuti mbewu yiheni.
Mosiyana ndi mafuta am'nkhalango, mafuta am'munda sakhala ngati nyongolotsi, chifukwa palibe tizirombo tachilengedwe tomwe timakhala m'nkhalango m'munda wamaluwa.
Monga lamulo, zokolola ndizochepa m'zaka zoyambirira, popeza mycelium ikupitiriza kukula kwa zaka 5-7, pambuyo pake chiwerengero cha matupi a fruiting chidzawonjezeka kwambiri. Agulugufewa amakololedwa ndi manja, kupotoza bowa kapena kudula pamizu. Pambuyo pa zaka 10-15, ndi kuchepa kwa fruiting, mycelium ikhoza kusinthidwa. Kuti mupeze zokolola zokhazikika m'minda, minda ingapo imapangidwa ndi mibadwo yosiyana ya mycelium, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wotolera zokolola zambiri za bowa chaka chilichonse. Bowa wa batala pambuyo podulidwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito pophika komanso kukolola m'tsogolomu - bowa ayenera kuumitsa kapena kuzifutsa.
Momwe mungakulire mafuta a mycelium kunyumba
Monga momwe zimasonyezera, ndizotheka kulima mycelium yamafuta kunyumba. Kuti muchite izi, bowa wosonkhanitsidwa ayenera kusakanizidwa ndi gawo lapansi losankhidwa mwapadera. Gawo lapansi lachitukuko cha mycelium limakonzedwa pamaziko a peat ndi utuchi wa coniferous, womwe umathandizira kupanga sing'anga yazakudya pafupi ndi chilengedwe. Kuti mupeze utuchi, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya mitengo yomwe ili pafupi ndi bowa omwe amasonkhanitsidwa kuti alimidwe. Pakufalitsa mycelium, mitsuko wamba ya malita atatu ndiyoyenera. Gawo laling'ono louma bwino limayikidwa mumtsuko, pang'onopang'ono tamped mpaka chidebecho chili pafupi theka.
Zakudya zowonjezera za mycelium zimaperekedwa ndi yankho lapadera la michere, lomwe limakonzedwa pamaziko a madzi a shuga ndi kuwonjezera kwa kuyimitsidwa kwa yisiti pamlingo wa: pa lita imodzi ya madzi, 1 tsp. shuga ndi yisiti yofanana. Pamtsuko uliwonse wa malita atatu, 1,5 malita a michere ya michere iyenera kukonzedwa. Amabweretsedwa kwa chithupsa, kenako peat yoyikidwa mu mitsuko imatsanuliridwa pamwamba pake. Kenako utuchi wouma umawonjezeredwa mpaka voliyumu yonse ya mtsuko itadzazidwa, yotsekedwa mwamphamvu ndi chivindikiro ndikusiyidwa kwa maola 5 kuti ikhutitse gawo lapansi ndi michere. Kenako madzi otsalawo amatsanulidwa, gawo lapansi limasakanizidwa bwino, ma punctures amapangidwa ndi ndodo yopyapyala m'malo angapo ndipo zidutswa za bowa ndi spores zimayikidwa m'mabowo opangidwa.
Mtsukowo umakutidwa mwamphamvu ndi chivindikiro chokhala ndi dzenje la 1,5 cm mulifupi mwake, lomwe limakutidwa ndi choyimitsa mphira cha thovu ndikusiyidwa kwa miyezi itatu, kusunga kutentha mchipindacho pa 3-23 ° C. Kukula kwa hyphae, gawo lapansi lokhala ndi mycelium limachotsedwa musanafesedwe m'chipinda chozizira chamdima ndi kutentha pafupifupi 25 ° C.
