Buku la "Introduction to Psychology". Olemba - RL Atkinson, RS Atkinson, EE Smith, DJ Boehm, S. Nolen-Hoeksema. Pansi pa ukonzi wamkulu wa VP Zinchenko. 15th edition international, St. Petersburg, Prime Eurosign, 2007.
Nkhani ya mutu 14. Kupsinjika maganizo, kupirira ndi thanzi
Wolemba Shelley Taylor, University of California
Kodi kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chopanda chiyembekezo n'koipa pa thanzi lanu? Poyamba, zikuwoneka kuti ziyenera kukhala zovulaza. Kupatula apo, ngati anthu amakhulupirira kuti sangakumane ndi mavuto kuyambira kuwola kwa mano mpaka matenda amtima, kodi siziyenera kukhala cholepheretsa kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi? Umboni wokwanira ukusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri amakayikira kwambiri thanzi lawo. Koma zivute zitani, chiyembekezo chosatheka chimaoneka kukhala chabwino pa thanzi lanu.
Ganizirani za makhalidwe abwino monga kuvala malamba, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kusasuta fodya kapena kumwa mowa. M’malo mofooketsa zizoloŵezi zoterozo, monga momwe munthu angalingalire, chiyembekezo chosayembekezereka chingatsogolere ku moyo wabwino. Aspinwall and Brunhart (1996) adapeza kuti anthu omwe amayembekeza bwino za thanzi lawo amasamala kwambiri za zomwe zingawopseza miyoyo yawo kuposa osakhulupirira. Mwachiwonekere, izi ziri chifukwa chakuti iwo amafuna kupeŵa ngozizi. Anthu amatha kukhala ndi chiyembekezo pa thanzi lawo chifukwa ali ndi zizolowezi zabwino kuposa osakhulupirira (Armor Si Taylor, 1998).
Mwina umboni wotsimikizirika kwambiri wa ubwino wa thanzi la chiyembekezo chosatheka umachokera ku kafukufuku wochitidwa pa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Kafukufuku wina anapeza kuti amuna amene amayembekezera kuti angathe kudziteteza ku AIDS (mwachitsanzo, kukhulupirira kuti matupi awo akhoza kuchotsa kachilomboka) amakhala ndi moyo wathanzi kusiyana ndi amuna opanda chiyembekezo (Taylor et al., 1992). Reed, Kemeny, Taylor, Wang, and Visscher (1994) adapeza kuti amuna omwe ali ndi Edzi omwe amakhulupilira mosasamala za zotsatira zabwino, mosiyana ndi kukhala owona, adawona kuwonjezeka kwa miyezi 9 ya moyo. Pakufufuza kofananako, Richard Schulz (Schulz et al., 1994) adapeza kuti odwala khansa omwe alibe chiyembekezo amamwalira msanga kuposa odwala omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo.
Okhulupirira mwachidwi akuwoneka kuti akuchira msanga. Leedham, Meyerowitz, Muirhead & Frist (1995) adapeza kuti ziyembekezo zoyembekezeka pakati pa odwala oikapo mtima zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi malingaliro abwino, moyo wapamwamba, ndi kusintha kwa matenda. Zotsatira zofananazi zinaperekedwa ndi Scheier ndi anzake (Scheier et al., 1989), omwe adaphunzira kusintha kwa odwala pambuyo pa opaleshoni ya coronary bypass. Kodi zotsatira zake zimafotokozedwa ndi chiyani?
Kukhala ndi chiyembekezo kumalumikizidwa ndi njira zabwino zothanirana ndi vutoli komanso zizolowezi zabwino. Okhulupirira ndi anthu okangalika omwe amayesa kuthetsa mavuto m'malo mowapewa (Scheier & Carver, 1992). Kuphatikiza apo, omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo amakhala opambana pamaubwenzi apakati, choncho zimakhala zosavuta kuti apeze chithandizo kuchokera kwa anthu. Thandizoli limathandizira kuchepetsa mwayi wa matenda ndikuthandizira kuchira. Okhulupirira kuti ali ndi chiyembekezo atha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthuzi kuthana ndi nkhawa komanso matenda.
Asayansi tsopano akumvetsetsa kuti chiyembekezo chimatha kupanga kapena kugwirizana ndi mkhalidwe wakuthupi womwe umathandizira thanzi kapena kuchira msanga. Susan Segerstrom ndi anzake (Segerstrom, Taylor, Kemeny & Fahey, 1998) adaphunzira gulu la ophunzira azamalamulo omwe anali opsinjika kwambiri pamaphunziro pa semester yawo yoyamba kusukulu ya zamalamulo. Iwo adapeza kuti ophunzira omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo anali ndi mbiri ya immunological yomwe inali yosamva matenda ndi matenda. Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza zotsatira zofanana (Bower, Kemeny, Taylor & Fahey, 1998).
N’chifukwa chiyani anthu ena amaganiza kuti kukhala ndi moyo wabwino n’koipa? Ofufuza ena amatsutsa chiyembekezo chosatheka kukhala magwero a ngozi ya thanzi popanda umboni. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuli kwakuti osuta amawonekera kukhala akupeputsa chiwopsezo chawo cha kudwala kansa ya m’mapapo, palibe umboni wakuti chiyembekezo chosayembekezereka chimawasonkhezera kugwiritsira ntchito fodya kapena kufotokoza kupitiriza kwawo kusuta. Zowonadi, osuta amadziŵa bwino lomwe kuti ali pachiopsezo cha mavuto a m’mapapo kusiyana ndi osasuta.
Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti chiyembekezo chosatheka n’chabwino nthaŵi zonse pa thanzi lanu kapena kwa anthu onse? Seymour Epstein ndi anzawo (Epstein & Meier, 1989) akuwonetsa kuti ambiri omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo ndi "oganiza bwino" omwe akuyesera kuteteza thanzi lawo ndi chitetezo chawo. Koma ena omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo ndi "opanda chiyembekezo" omwe amakhulupirira kuti chilichonse chidzayenda bwino popanda kutenga nawo mbali. Ngati ena omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo ali pachiwopsezo chifukwa cha zizolowezi zawo zoyipa, mwina ali m'magulu omaliza a magulu awiriwa.
Musanatsutse chiyembekezo chopanda chiyembekezo monga mkhalidwe umene umachititsa khungu anthu ku ngozi zenizeni zomwe timakumana nazo, lingalirani za ubwino wake: zimapangitsa anthu kukhala achimwemwe, athanzi, ndipo, pamene akudwala, amawongolera mwaŵi wawo wochira.
Kuopsa Kokhala ndi Chiyembekezo Chosatheka
Kodi ndinu okonda kumwa mowa kwambiri kuposa anthu ena? Nanga bwanji za mwayi wanu wotenga matenda opatsirana mwa kugonana kapena kudwala matenda a mtima? Si anthu ambiri omwe amafunsidwa mafunsowa omwe amavomereza kuti ali ndi chiopsezo choposa chiwopsezo. Nthawi zambiri, 50-70% mwa omwe adafunsidwa akuti ali pachiwopsezo chocheperako, ena 30-50% amati ali pachiwopsezo, ndipo ochepera 10% amati ali pachiwopsezo chambiri. Onani →
Chapter 15
M’mutu uno tiona nkhani za anthu ena amene akudwala matenda aakulu a m’maganizo, ndipo tikambirana za odwala amene amakhala ndi moyo umene umawononga umunthu wawo. Onani →