Utera (wochokera ku Greek urêtêr) ndi ngalande mumitsinje yomwe imanyamula mkodzo kuchokera ku impso kupita pachikhodzodzo.

malo. Pali ma ureters awiri. Ureter aliyense amayamba kuchokera m'chiuno, gawo la impso lodzaza mkodzo, amatsikira m'chigawo cha lumbar asanamalize ulendo wawo mwa kulowetsa khoma lazithunzi zotsika kwambiri za chikhodzodzo (1).

kapangidwe. Ureter ndi njira yolowera pakati pa 25 ndi 30 cm kutalika, ndi m'mimba mwake kuyambira 1 mpaka 10 mm, ndikuwonetsera magawo atatu a strictures (2). Zolimba ndi zotanuka, khoma lake limapangidwa ndi zigawo zitatu (3):

• Chotupitsa chomwe chimakhala chakunja chopangidwa ndi minofu yosalala
• Lamina propria yomwe ndi gawo lapakatikati la minofu yolumikizana yomwe imakhala ndi mitsempha ndi mitsempha yamagazi.
• Urothelium yomwe ndi gawo lamkati la mamina opangidwa ndi ma urothelial cell.

Kutulutsa zinyalala zamagetsi. Ntchito ya ureters ndikutulutsa zinyalala zomwe zakhazikika mumkodzo, kuzichotsa kuchokera ku chiuno cha impso kupita kuchikhodzodzo zisanatulutsidwe (2).

Lithiasis yamikodzo. Matendawa amafanana ndi mapangidwe amiyala, mapangidwe amchere amchere, pamlingo wa ureters. Kuwerengera kumeneku kudzatsogolera ku kutsekeka kwa ma ducts. Matendawa amatha kuwonetsedwa ndi ululu waukulu wotchedwa renal colic. (4)

Zofooka za Ureter. Pali zovuta zambiri zomwe zingakhudze ureter. Mwachitsanzo, vuto la vesico-uteric reflux limayambitsidwa ndi gawo lalifupi kwambiri la ureter pamlingo wa chikhodzodzo, lomwe limatha kuyambitsa matenda (5).

Khansa ya m'mimba. Maselo a ureter amatha kukhudzidwa ndi zotupa zosaopsa (zopanda khansa) kapena zotupa zoyipa (khansa). Zomalizazi zimalumikizidwa ndi urothelial carcinoma, maselo a khansa omwe amachokera ku urothelium (3). Khansa yamtunduwu imapezekanso pakagwa khansa ya chikhodzodzo.

Chithandizo chamankhwala. Kutengera matenda omwe amapezeka, amatha kupatsidwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana monga maantibayotiki kapena mankhwala othetsa ululu.

Chithandizo cha opaleshoni. Kutengera matenda omwe amapezeka, opaleshoni imatha kuchitidwa. Pankhani ya khansa ya ureteric, ntchito zosiyanasiyana zitha kuchitidwa kutengera gawo ndi kusintha kwa chotupacho: kuchotsedwa kwa chotupacho ndi opaleshoni ya endoscopic, kuchotsera pang'ono pang'ono pobwezeretsa gawo kapena kuchotsa kwathunthu kwa ureter ndi nephro-ureterectomy (3).

Chemotherapy, mankhwala a radiotherapy. Kutengera gawo la chotupacho, chemotherapy kapena radiotherapy magawo amatha kukhazikitsidwa. (6)

Mkodzo kuwunika kwa cytobacteriological (ECBU). Pakakhala matenda opatsirana m'mimba, mayesowa amatha kuchitika kuti azindikire mabakiteriya omwe ali mkodzo komanso chidwi chawo ndi maantibayotiki. Kupenda uku kumachitika makamaka pakavuta cystitis.

Mayeso azachipatala. Mayeso osiyanasiyana azachipatala angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupenda chikhodzodzo: ultrasound, intravenous urography, retrograde cystography or uroscanner.

Ureteroscopy.Kuyeza kotereku kumachitika kuti athe kupenda makoma a oreters. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pochizira miyala yamikodzo pakagwa mkodzo.

Chikhodzodzo cytology. Kuyesaku kumatha kuzindikira kupezeka kwa maselo a khansa mumkodzo.

Chibwenzi chochokera ku Egypt wakale ndikuchitapo kanthu mpaka zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, uroscopy ndi njira yopangira zachipatala mu urology. Yosinthidwa lero ndi mizere ya mkodzo, uroscopy imakhala ndi kuwunika kwamkodzo kuti muwone kukula kwa matenda ena (7).