Makina apadera opezera ndi kubowola pansi pa nyanja ndi nyanja amaposa nangumi wolemera matani 200, nyama yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Makinawa amawoneka owopsa kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha chodulira chawo chachikulu chokhala ndi spike, chopangidwa kuti akupera malo olimba.
Pamene chaka cha 2019 chikuzungulira, maloboti akuluakulu olamulidwa ndi kutali adzayenda pansi pa Nyanja ya Bismarck kufupi ndi gombe la Papua New Guinea, kuzitafuna pofunafuna nkhokwe zamtengo wapatali za mkuwa ndi golide wa Nautilus Minerals waku Canada.
Kukumba migodi mozama kumayesetsa kupeŵa misampha yowononga zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ya migodi ya nthaka. Izi zapangitsa gulu la opanga malamulo ndi asayansi ochita kafukufuku kupanga malamulo omwe akuyembekeza kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Anati achedwetse kafufuzidwe kakafukufuku wa minerals mpaka ukadaulo utapangidwa kuti achepetse mvula pakagwa pansi panyanja.
"Tili ndi mwayi woganizira zinthu kuyambira pachiyambi, kusanthula zotsatira zake ndikumvetsetsa momwe tingathandizire kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira," akutero James Hine, wasayansi wamkulu ku USGS. "Aka kayenera kukhala koyamba kuti tiyandikire cholinga kuchokera pa sitepe yoyamba."
Kampani ya Nautilus Minerals yadzipereka kusamutsa nyama zina zakutchire kwanthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito.
"A Nautilus amati amatha kungosuntha magawo achilengedwe kuchokera kumtundu wina kupita ku wina alibe maziko asayansi. Zingakhale zovuta kapena zosatheka, "atero a David Santillo, Senior Research Fellow ku yunivesite ya Exeter ku UK.
Pansi pa nyanja pamakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pa zamoyo zapadziko lapansi - imayendetsa kutentha kwapadziko lonse, kusunga mpweya wa carbon ndi malo okhalamo zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Asayansi ndi akatswiri a zachilengedwe akuopa kuti zomwe zimachitika m'madzi akuya sizidzapha zamoyo zam'madzi zokha, komanso zikhoza kuwononga madera ambiri, chifukwa cha phokoso ndi kuwonongeka kwa kuwala.
Tsoka ilo, migodi ya m’nyanja yakuya ndiyosapeŵeka. Kufunika kwa mchere kukukulirakulira chifukwa kufunikira kwa mafoni am'manja, makompyuta ndi magalimoto kukukulirakulira. Ngakhale matekinoloje omwe amalonjeza kuchepetsa kudalira mafuta ndi kuchepetsa mpweya amafunikira kuperekedwa kwa zipangizo, kuchokera ku tellurium kwa maselo a dzuwa kupita ku lithiamu kwa magalimoto amagetsi.
Mkuwa, zinki, cobalt, manganese ndi chuma chosakhudzidwa pansi pa nyanja. Ndipo, ndithudi, izi sizingakhale zokondweretsa makampani amigodi padziko lonse lapansi.
Clariton-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) ndi malo otchuka kwambiri amigodi omwe ali pakati pa Mexico ndi Hawaii. Ndilofanana ndi pafupifupi dziko lonse la United States. Malinga ndi kuwerengera, zomwe zili mu mchere zimafika pafupifupi matani 25,2.
Kuonjezera apo, miyala yonseyi imakhalapo pamtunda wapamwamba, ndipo makampani amigodi akuwononga nkhalango zambiri ndi mapiri kuti achotse miyala yolimba. Chotero, kuti asonkhanitse matani 20 a mkuwa wa m’mapiri ku Andes, matani 50 a miyala adzafunika kuchotsedwa. Pafupifupi 7% ya ndalamazi imapezeka mwachindunji pansi pa nyanja.
Mwa mapangano 28 ofufuza omwe asainidwa ndi International Seabed Authority, omwe amayendetsa migodi ya pansi pa nyanja m'madzi apadziko lonse lapansi, 16 ndi amigodi ku CCZ.
Kukumba migodi panyanja yakuya ndi ntchito yodula. Nautilus yawononga kale $480 miliyoni ndipo ikufunika kukwezanso $150 miliyoni mpaka $250 miliyoni kuti ipite patsogolo.
Ntchito yayikulu ikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi yofufuza njira zochepetsera kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha migodi yakuya. Ku United States, bungwe la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration linachita ntchito yofufuza ndi kupanga mapu m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Hawaii. European Union yapereka mamiliyoni a madola ku mabungwe monga MIDAS (Deep Sea Impact Management) ndi Blue Mining, mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa 19 makampani ndi mabungwe ofufuza.
Makampani akupanga umisiri watsopano kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha migodi. Mwachitsanzo, BluHaptics yapanga mapulogalamu omwe amalola kuti robotyo iwonjezere kulondola kwake poyang'ana ndi kuyenda kuti zisasokoneze madzi ambiri a m'nyanja.
"Timagwiritsa ntchito chizindikiritso cha zinthu zenizeni komanso pulogalamu yotsatirira kuti tithandizire kuwona pansi pamvula ndi kutayika kwamafuta," akutero Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa BluHaptics Don Pickering.
M’chaka cha 2013, gulu la asayansi lotsogoleredwa ndi pulofesa wina wa pa yunivesite ya Manoa ananena kuti pafupifupi chigawo chimodzi mwa zinayi cha CCZ chisankhidwe ngati malo otetezedwa. Nkhaniyi sinathebe, chifukwa zingatenge zaka zitatu kapena zisanu.
Mtsogoleri wa yunivesite ya Duke ku North Carolina, Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover, akutsutsa kuti m'njira zina, anthu a m'madzi amatha kuchira msanga.
“Komabe, pali chenjezo,” akuwonjezera motero. “Vuto la chilengedwe n’lakuti malo okhala pansi pa nyanja amenewa ndi osowa kwambiri, ndipo onse ndi osiyana chifukwa nyamazo zimatengera zinthu zamadzimadzi zosiyanasiyana. Koma sitikunena za kuyimitsa kupanga, koma kungoganizira momwe tingachitire bwino. Mutha kufananiza madera onsewa ndikuwonetsa komwe kuli nyama zambirimbiri kuti mupewe malo awa. Iyi ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri. Ndikukhulupirira kuti titha kukhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera chilengedwe. ”