Kodi tikudziwa chiyani za ife eni? Momwe timaganizira, momwe chidziwitso chathu chimapangidwira, ndi njira ziti zomwe tingapeze tanthauzo? Nanga n’cifukwa ciani timakhulupilila cidziŵitso ca sayansi mocepa mogwilizana ndi zimene sayansi ndi luso lazopangapanga? Tinaganiza zofunsa wafilosofi Danil Razeev mafunso padziko lonse lapansi.
Psychology: Kumene mungayang'ane tanthauzo la munthu wamakono? Ngati tikufuna kukhala ndi tanthauzo, ndi m’mbali ziti ndiponso m’njira zotani tingadzipezere tokha?
Danil Razeev: Chinthu choyamba chimene chimabwera m'maganizo mwanga ndi kulenga. Ikhoza kudziwonetsera yokha mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mabwalo. Ndikudziwa anthu amene zilandiridwenso zikufotokozedwa kulima m'nyumba zomera. Ndikudziwa omwe luso lawo likuwonekera pakupanga nyimbo. Kwa ena, zimachitika polemba lemba. Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti tanthauzo ndi zilandiridwenso sizingasiyane. Kodi ndikutanthauza chiyani? Tanthauzo lilipo pamene pali zambiri kuposa zimango. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, tanthawuzo silingachepetsedwe kukhala njira yodzipangira yokha. Wafilosofi wamakono John Searle1 adabwera ndi mtsutso wabwino wokhudza kusiyana kwa semantics ndi syntax. John Searle amakhulupirira kuti kuphatikizika kwamakina kwa zomangamanga sikumatsogolera ku kupangidwa kwa semantics, kutulutsa tanthauzo, pomwe malingaliro amunthu amagwira ntchito moyenera pamlingo wa semantic, amapanga ndikuzindikira matanthauzo. Pakhala pali zokambirana zambiri pafunsoli kwazaka makumi angapo: kodi luntha lochita kupanga limatha kupanga tanthauzo? Afilosofi ambiri amatsutsa kuti ngati sitimvetsetsa malamulo a semantics, ndiye kuti luntha lochita kupanga lidzakhalabe mu dongosolo la syntax, chifukwa silidzakhala ndi gawo la mbadwo wotanthauzira.
"Tanthauzo limakhalapo pomwe pali zambiri kuposa zimango, sizingasinthidwe kukhala zochita zokha"
Ndi anthanthi ati ndi malingaliro ati anzeru omwe mukuganiza kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri, amoyo, komanso osangalatsa kwa munthu wamasiku ano?
D.R.: Zimatengera zomwe akutanthauza munthu wamasiku ano. Pali, tinene, lingaliro lachilengedwe chonse la munthu, munthu ngati mtundu wapadera wa zamoyo zomwe zidayamba kale m'chilengedwe ndikupitilira kukula kwake kwachisinthiko. Ngati tilankhula za munthu wamasiku ano kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, ndiye zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti zidzakhala zothandiza kwambiri kutembenukira ku sukulu ya American filosofi. Ndatchula kale John Searle, ndikhoza kutchula Daniel Dennett (Daniel C. Dennett)2ndi David Chalmers3, wanthanthi wa ku Australia amene tsopano ali pa yunivesite ya New York. Ndine pafupi kwambiri ndi malangizo mu filosofi, yomwe imatchedwa «filosofi ya chidziwitso». Koma gulu lomwe akatswiri afilosofi aku America amalankhula ku USA ndi losiyana ndi anthu omwe tikukhala ku Russia. Pali anzeru ambiri owala komanso akuzama m'dziko lathu, sinditchula mayina enieni, mwina sizingamveke zolondola. Komabe, ambiri, zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti siteji ya ukatswiri silinathebe mu nzeru Russian, ndiye kuti, zambiri maganizo amakhala mmenemo. Ngakhale mkati mwa maphunziro a ku yunivesite (ndi m'dziko lathu, monga ku France, wophunzira aliyense ayenera kutenga maphunziro a filosofi), ophunzira ndi ophunzira omaliza maphunziro sakhutira nthawi zonse ndi khalidwe la maphunziro omwe amaperekedwa kwa iwo. Pano ife tikadali ndi njira yayitali kwambiri yoti tipite, kuti timvetse kuti filosofi siyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito ya boma, kwa mpingo kapena gulu la anthu omwe amafuna afilosofi kuti apange ndi kulungamitsa mtundu wina wa zomangamanga zamaganizo. Pankhani imeneyi, ndimachirikiza anthu amene amalimbikitsa filosofi yopanda kukakamizidwa ndi maganizo.
Kodi timasiyana bwanji ndi anthu akale?
D.R.: Mwachidule, nthawi ya technogenic man yabwera nafe, ndiko kuti, munthu yemwe ali ndi "thupi lopanga" ndi "malingaliro owonjezera". Thupi lathu ndi loposa zamoyo zonse. Ndipo malingaliro athu ndi chinachake choposa ubongo; ndi dongosolo la nthambi lomwe silimangopangidwa ndi ubongo, komanso zinthu zambiri zomwe zili kunja kwa thupi lachilengedwe la munthu. Timagwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zimakulitsa chidziwitso chathu. Ndife ozunzidwa - kapena zipatso - za zida zaukadaulo, zida zamagetsi, zida zomwe zimatichitira ntchito zambiri zanzeru. Ndiyenera kuvomereza kuti zaka zingapo zapitazo ndinali ndi zokumana nazo zosadziwika bwino zamkati pomwe ndinazindikira mwadzidzidzi kuti sindimakumbukira nthawi yomwe inali 50 mpaka XNUMX. Tangoganizani, sindikanatha kuchita opaleshoniyi m'mutu mwanga! Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa ndakhala ndikudalira malingaliro otambasuka kwa nthawi yayitali. Mwanjira ina, ndikutsimikiza kuti chipangizo china, kunena, iPhone, chidzandichulukitsira manambala awa ndikundipatsa zotsatira zolondola. M’menemo timasiyana ndi anthu amene anakhalako zaka XNUMX zapitazo. Kwa munthu zaka theka zapitazo, chidziwitso cha tebulo lochulutsa chinali chofunikira: ngati sakanatha kuchulukitsa zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, ndiye kuti adataya mpikisano wopikisana pakati pa anthu. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti akatswiri afilosofi amakhalanso ndi malingaliro ambiri padziko lonse lapansi ponena za maganizo a munthu yemwe anakhalako nthawi zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, za munthu wa fusis (munthu wachilengedwe) ku Antiquity, munthu wachipembedzo ku Middle Ages, munthu woyesera. m'masiku ano, ndipo mndandandawu umatsirizidwa ndi munthu wamakono, amene ndinamutcha «technogenic man».
“Maganizo athu samakhala ndi ubongo wokha, komanso zinthu zambiri zomwe zili kunja kwa thupi la munthu”
Koma ngati timadalira kwathunthu zida zamagetsi ndikudalira ukadaulo pachilichonse, tiyenera kukhala ndi chipembedzo chachidziwitso. Kodi zimatheka bwanji kuti anthu ambiri asiya kudalira sayansi, kukhulupirira malodza, kusinthidwa mosavuta?
D.R.: Ili ndilo funso la kupezeka kwa chidziwitso ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka chidziwitso, ndiko kuti, propaganda. Munthu wosadziwa ndi wosavuta kuwongolera. Ngati mukufuna kukhala m'dera limene aliyense amakumverani, kumene aliyense amatsatira malamulo ndi malamulo anu, kumene aliyense amakugwirirani ntchito, ndiye kuti mulibe chidwi ndi anthu omwe mumakhala nawo kuti mukhale gulu lachidziwitso. M'malo mwake, mukufunitsitsa kukhala gulu losazindikira: zikhulupiriro, mphekesera, udani, mantha… Kumbali ina, ili ndi vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kumbali ina, ndivuto la anthu ena. Mwachitsanzo, tikasamukira ku Switzerland, tidzaona kuti anthu okhalamo adzachita referendum pa chochitika chilichonse, ngakhale chochepa kwambiri m’malingaliro athu. Amakhala kunyumba, amaganiza za nkhani ina yomwe ikuwoneka ngati yosavuta ndikukulitsa malingaliro awo, kuti agwirizane. Onse pamodzi amagwiritsa ntchito luntha lawo, ali okonzeka kupanga zosankha zodalirika, ndipo nthawi zonse amagwira ntchito kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso m'chitaganya.
1 J. Searl «Rediscovering chikumbumtima» (Idea-Press, 2002).
2 D. Dennett «Mitundu ya psyche: pa njira kumvetsa chikumbumtima» (Idea-Press, 2004).
3 D. Chalmers "Maganizo Ozindikira. Kufufuza Chiphunzitso Chachikulu ”(Librokom, 2013).