Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti nyama sizopusa monga momwe anthu amaganizira - sizimatha kumvetsetsa zopempha ndi malamulo osavuta, komanso amalankhulana mokwanira, kufotokoza zakukhosi kwawo ndi zokhumba zawo ...
Atakhala pansi, atazunguliridwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi zida, pygmy chimpanzee Kanzi akuganiza kwa kanthawi, ndiye kuwala kwa chidziwitso kumadutsa m'maso ake otentha a bulauni, akutenga mpeni m'dzanja lake lamanzere ndikuyamba kudula anyezi mu kapu. pamaso pake. Iye amachita zonse zimene ofufuzawo amamupempha kuti achite m’Chingelezi, mofanana ndi mmene mwana wamng’ono amachitira. Kenako nyaniyo akuuzidwa kuti: “Wawaza mpirawo ndi mchere.” Sizingakhale luso lothandiza kwambiri, koma Kanzi amamvetsetsa malingalirowo ndikuyamba kuwaza mchere pa mpira wamphepete mwa nyanja womwe uli kumbuyo kwake.
Momwemonso, nyani amakwaniritsa zopempha zina zingapo - kuyambira "kuyika sopo m'madzi" mpaka "chonde chotsani TV pano." Kanzi ali ndi mawu ochulukirapo - mawu omaliza a 384 - ndipo si mawu onsewa ndi maina osavuta ndi maverebu monga "chidole" ndi "kuthamanga". Amamvetsetsanso mawu omwe ochita kafukufuku amatcha "malingaliro" - mwachitsanzo, preposition "kuchokera" ndi adverb "pambuyo pake", komanso amasiyanitsa mitundu ya galamala - mwachitsanzo, nthawi yakale ndi yamakono.
Kanzi satha kulankhula - ngakhale ali ndi mawu okweza, amavutika kuti atulutse mawu. Koma akafuna kunena chinachake kwa asayansi, amangotchula zina mwa zizindikiro zambirimbiri zokongola zimene zili pa mapepala opangidwa ndi laminate amene amaimira mawu amene anaphunzira kale.
Kanzi, wazaka 29, akuphunzitsidwa Chingelezi ku Great Ape Trust Research Center ku Des Moines, Iowa, USA. Kuphatikiza pa iye, anyani ena 6 akuluakulu amaphunzira pakatikati, ndipo kupita patsogolo kwawo kumatipangitsa kuti tiganizirenso zonse zomwe tinkadziwa zokhudza nyama ndi luntha lawo.
Kanzi ali kutali ndi chifukwa chokha cha izi. Posachedwapa, ofufuza a ku Canada ku Glendon College (Toronto) ananena kuti anyaniwa amagwiritsa ntchito manja polankhula ndi achibale awo, komanso ndi anthu kuti afotokoze zimene akufuna.
Gulu la asayansi lotsogoleredwa ndi Dr. Anna Rasson linaphunzira mbiri ya moyo wa anyani ku Indonesian Borneo pazaka 20 zapitazi, anapeza malongosoledwe osawerengeka a momwe anyaniwa amagwiritsira ntchito manja. Mwachitsanzo, mkazi wina dzina lake City anatenga ndodo n’kumuonetsa mnzake mmene angagawire kokonati - choncho ananena kuti akufuna kugaŵa kokonati ndi chikwanje.
Nthawi zambiri nyama zimagwiritsa ntchito gesticulation pamene kuyesa koyamba kukanika kulephera. Ofufuzawo akuti izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake manja amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pochita zinthu ndi anthu.
“Ndimaona kuti nyama zimenezi zimaganiza kuti ndife opusa chifukwa sitingamvetse bwinobwino zimene zikufuna kwa ife nthawi yomweyo, ndipo zimanyansidwanso zikafunika “kutafuna” chilichonse ndi manja, akutero Dr. Rasson .
Koma kaya n’chifukwa chiyani, n’zoonekeratu kuti anyaniwa ali ndi luntha la kuzindikira, moti mpaka nthawi imeneyo ankaonedwa kuti ndi anthu okhawo amene ali ndi udindo.
Dr. Rasson anati: “Kulimbitsa thupi kumazikidwa pa kutsanzira, ndipo kutsanzira pakokha kumatanthauza luso la kuphunzira, kuphunzira mwa kupenya, osati mwa kungobwerezabwereza zochita. Komanso, zikusonyeza kuti anyaniwa ali ndi luntha osati kungotengera chabe, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kutsanzira kumeneku pazifukwa zambiri.”
Inde, timakhala tikulankhulana ndi nyama ndipo timadabwa ndi ukulu wa luntha lawo kuyambira pamene nyama zoweta zoyamba zinaonekera. Time Magazine posachedwapa inasindikiza nkhani yomwe imayang'ana funso la nzeru za zinyama poyang'ana deta yatsopano pa kupambana kwa Kanzi ndi anyani ena akuluakulu. Makamaka, olemba nkhaniyo akuwonetsa kuti ku Great Ape Trust anyani amaleredwa kuyambira kubadwa kotero kuti kulumikizana ndi chilankhulo ndizofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wawo.
Monga mmene makolo amayendera ndi ana awo aang’ono n’kumakacheza nawo pa chilichonse chimene chikuchitika pozungulira iwo, ngakhale kuti anawo samamvetsetsa kalikonse, asayansi amachezanso ndi ana a chimpanzi.
Kanzi ndiye chimpanzi choyamba kuphunzira chinenero, monga ana a anthu, mwa kukhala m’malo olankhula chinenero. Ndipo n’zoonekeratu kuti njira yophunzirira imeneyi ikuthandiza kuti anyani azilankhulana bwino ndi anthu—mwachangu ndiponso mocholoŵana kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.
Ena mwa “mawu” a anyaniwa ndi odabwitsa. Pamene katswiri wa primatologist Sue Savage-Rumbauch akufunsa Kanzi "Kodi mwakonzeka kusewera?" pambuyo pomulepheretsa kupeza mpira umene amakonda kusewera nawo, chimpanzi chimaloza zizindikiro kwa "nthawi yaitali" ndi "zokonzeka" m'malingaliro aumunthu.
Kanzi atapatsidwa kale (tsamba) kuti alawe, anapeza kuti panatenga nthawi yaitali kuti azitafune kuposa letesi, zomwe ankazidziwa kale, ndipo anazilemba kale ndi “dikishonale” yake kuti “letesi wochedwa.”
Chimpanzi wina, Nyoto, ankakonda kwambiri kulandira mapsopsona ndi maswiti, adapeza njira yofunsira - adaloza mawu oti "kumva" ndi "kupsompsona", "kudya" ndi "kutsekemera" motero timapeza zonse zomwe tikufuna. .
Pamodzi, gulu la anyani adaganiza momwe angafotokozere chigumula chomwe adachiwona ku Iowa - adaloza "chachikulu" ndi "madzi". Pankhani yopempha chakudya chimene amakonda, pitsa, anyani amaloza zizindikiro za mkate, tchizi, ndi phwetekere.
Mpaka pano, ankakhulupirira kuti munthu yekha ali ndi luso lenileni la kuganiza zomveka, chikhalidwe, makhalidwe ndi chinenero. Koma Kanzi ndi anyani ena onga iye akutikakamiza kuti tiganizirenso.
Lingaliro lina lolakwika lofala ndi lakuti nyama sizivutika monga momwe anthu amavutikira. Si njira zodziwira kapena kuganiza, choncho sakhala ndi nkhawa. Sakhala ndi chidziwitso chamtsogolo komanso kuzindikira za kufa kwawo.
Magwero a lingaliroli akupezeka m'Baibulo, pomwe zidalembedwa kuti munthu ndi wotsimikizika kulamulira zolengedwa zonse, ndipo Rene Descartes m'zaka za zana la XNUMX adanenanso kuti "saganiza." Njira imodzi kapena imzake, m'zaka zaposachedwa, nthano zonena za kuthekera (kodekha, kusakhala ndi kuthekera) kwa nyama zasinthidwa.
Tinkaganiza kuti ndi anthu okha amene amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida, koma tsopano tikudziwa kuti mbalame, anyani ndi nyama zina zoyamwitsa nazonso zimatha kuchita zimenezi. Mwachitsanzo, otters amatha kuswa zipolopolo za mollusk pamiyala kuti apeze nyama, koma ichi ndi chitsanzo choyambirira kwambiri. Koma akhwangwala, gulu la mbalame zomwe zimaphatikizapo khwangwala, mphutsi, ndi jay, nzodabwitsa modabwitsa pakugwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana.
Panthawi yoyesera, akhwangwala anapanga mbedza ndi waya kuti atenge dengu la chakudya pansi pa chitoliro cha pulasitiki. Chaka chatha, katswiri wa zinyama ku yunivesite ya Cambridge anapeza kuti rook anaganiza momwe angakwezere mlingo wa madzi mumtsuko kuti athe kufika ndi kumwa - adaponya miyala. Chodabwitsa kwambiri n'chakuti mbalameyo ikuwoneka kuti ikudziwa bwino lamulo la Archimedes - poyamba, adasonkhanitsa miyala ikuluikulu kuti madzi azikwera mofulumira.
Takhala tikukhulupirira kuti mlingo wa luntha umagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kukula kwa ubongo. Mbalame zakupha zimangokhala ndi ubongo waukulu - pafupifupi mapaundi a 12, ndipo ma dolphin ndi aakulu kwambiri - pafupifupi mapaundi 4, omwe amafanana ndi ubongo waumunthu (pafupifupi mapaundi a 3). Takhala tikuzindikira kuti zinsomba zakupha ndi ma dolphin zili ndi luntha, koma tikayerekeza kuchuluka kwa ubongo ndi thupi, ndiye kuti mwa anthu chiŵerengerochi ndi chachikulu kuposa nyama izi.
Koma kafukufuku akupitiriza kudzutsa mafunso atsopano okhudza kutsimikizika kwa malingaliro athu. Ubongo wa shrew wa Etruscan umalemera magalamu 0,1 okha, koma poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwa thupi la nyama, ndi wamkulu kuposa wa munthu. Komano tingafotokoze bwanji kuti akhwangwala ndi amene ali ndi zida zaluso kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse, ngakhale kuti ubongo wawo ndi waung’ono chabe?
Zowonjezereka zowonjezereka zasayansi zimasonyeza kuti timapeputsa kwambiri luntha la zinyama.
Tinkaganiza kuti ndi anthu okha amene angathe kuchitira chifundo ndi kuwolowa manja, koma kafukufuku waposachedwapa akusonyeza kuti njovu zimalira maliro awo ndipo anyani amachita zachifundo. Njovu zimagona pafupi ndi mtembo wa wachibale wawo wakufayo ndi mawu ooneka ngati achisoni kwambiri. Iwo akhoza kukhala pafupi ndi thupi kwa masiku angapo. amasonyezanso chidwi chachikulu - ngakhale kulemekeza - pamene apeza mafupa a njovu, amawapenda mosamala, akupereka chisamaliro chapadera ku chigaza ndi nyanga.
Mac Mauser, profesa wa sayansi ya zamaganizo ndi zamoyo wa munthu pa Harvard, akunena kuti ngakhale makoswe angamvere chisoni wina ndi mnzake: “Khoswe akamva ululu n’kuyamba kunjenjemera, makoswe ena amangokhalira kunjenjemera.”
Mu kafukufuku wa 2008, katswiri wa sayansi ya zinyama Frans de Waal wa ku Atlanta Research Center anasonyeza kuti anyani a capuchin ndi owolowa manja.
Nyani atafunsidwa kuti asankhe yekha magawo awiri a apulo, kapena kagawo kamodzi ka apulo aliyense kwa iye ndi mnzake (munthu!), adasankha njira yachiwiri. Ndipo zinali zoonekeratu kuti kusankha koteroko kwa anyani ndizodziwika bwino. Ofufuzawo ananena kuti mwina anyaniwa amachita zimenezi chifukwa amasangalala ndi kupatsa. Ndipo izi zimagwirizana ndi kafukufuku yemwe adawonetsa kuti malo a "mphotho" muubongo wa munthu amatsegulidwa pamene munthuyo apereka kanthu kwaulere.
Ndipo tsopano - pamene tidziwa kuti anyani amatha kulankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito kulankhula - zikuwoneka kuti chotchinga chotsiriza pakati pa anthu ndi dziko la nyama chikutha.
Asayansi afika ponena kuti nyama sizingathe kuchita zinthu zing’onozing’ono, osati chifukwa chakuti zilibe luso, koma chifukwa chakuti zinalibe mwayi wokulitsa luso limeneli. Chitsanzo chosavuta. Agalu amadziwa tanthauzo lake poloza chinthu, monga kupereka chakudya kapena thawe lomwe lawonekera pansi. Amamvetsetsa bwino tanthauzo la manja awa: wina ali ndi chidziwitso chomwe akufuna kugawana nawo, ndipo tsopano akukopa chidwi chanu kuti inunso mudziwe.
Pakalipano, "nyani zazikulu", ngakhale kuti ali ndi nzeru zapamwamba ndi kanjedza zala zisanu, sizikuwoneka kuti sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro ichi - kuloza. Ofufuza ena amati zimenezi n’zakuti kaŵirikaŵiri anyani saloledwa kusiya amayi awo. Amathera nthawi yawo akumamatira pamimba ya amayi awo pamene akuyenda kuchokera kwina ndi kwina.
Koma Kanzi, yemwe anakulira mu ukapolo, nthawi zambiri ankanyamulidwa m'manja mwa anthu, choncho manja ake amakhala omasuka kuti alankhule. Sue Savage-Rumbauch anati:
Mofananamo, anyani amene amadziwa mawu a kumverera kwinakwake ndi kosavuta kuwamvetsa (kumverera). Tangoganizani kuti munthu ayenera kufotokoza kuti "kukhutira" ndi chiyani, ngati palibe mawu apadera a lingaliro ili.
Katswiri wa zamaganizo David Premack wa pa yunivesite ya Pennsylvania anapeza kuti ngati anyani anaphunzitsidwa zizindikiro za mawu akuti “zofanana” ndi “zosiyana,” ndiye kuti n’zopambana pamayeso amene anafunikira kuloza zinthu zofanana kapena zosiyana.
Kodi zonsezi zikutiuza chiyani ife anthu? Zoona zake n’zakuti angoyamba kumene kufufuza zinthu zokhudza luntha ndi kuzindikira kwa nyama. Koma n’zoonekeratu kuti kwa nthawi yaitali takhala tikusadziwa za mmene zamoyo zambiri zilili zanzeru. Kunena zoona, zitsanzo za nyama zimene zinakulira muukapolo mogwirizana kwambiri ndi anthu zimatithandiza kumvetsa zimene ubongo wawo umatha kuchita. Ndipo pamene tikuphunzira mowonjezereka za malingaliro awo, pali chiyembekezo chowonjezereka chakuti unansi wogwirizana udzakhazikitsidwa pakati pa anthu ndi dziko la nyama.
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