William James: bambo wa psychology, agogo a NLP

William ndi ndani?

Zaka 3 zapitazo, pulofesa wina wa ku America anagaŵa zithunzi za m’maganizo m’mitundu itatu (zowoneka, zongomva, ndi zamagalimoto) ndipo anazindikira kuti anthu nthaŵi zambiri amasankha chimodzi mwa izo mosazindikira. Anaona kuti kulingalira m'maganizo zithunzi kumapangitsa diso kusuntha ndi m'mbali, ndipo adasonkhanitsanso mafunso ambiri ofunikira okhudza momwe munthu amawonera - izi ndizo zomwe tsopano zimatchedwa "submodalities" mu NLP. Anaphunzira za hypnosis ndi luso la malingaliro ndikufotokozera momwe anthu amasungira kukumbukira "pa nthawi". M’buku lake lakuti The Pluralistic Universe, akuchirikiza lingaliro lakuti palibe chitsanzo cha dziko chimene chiri «choonadi». Ndipo mu Zosiyanasiyana Zazipembedzo, adayesa kupereka maganizo ake pazochitika zachipembedzo zauzimu, zomwe poyamba zinkawoneka kuti ndizoposa zomwe munthu angayamikire (yerekezerani ndi nkhani ya Lukas Derks ndi Jaap Hollander mu Spiritual Review, mu NLP Bulletin XNUMX:ii odzipereka kwa William James).

William James (1842-1910) anali filosofi ndi psychologist, komanso pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Harvard. Buku lake "Mfundo za Psychology" - mabuku awiri, olembedwa mu 1890, anamupatsa udindo wa "Bambo Psychology". Ku NLP, William James ndi munthu yemwe akuyenera kutsatiridwa. M'nkhaniyi, ndikufuna kulingalira za kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso cha NLP chomwe adatulukira, momwe adatulukira, ndi zina zomwe tingadzipezere tokha m'ntchito zake. Ndikukhulupirira kwanga kwakukulu kuti zomwe James adapeza sizidayamikizidwe ndi gulu la psychology.

"Wanzeru Woyenera Kuyamikiridwa"

William James anabadwira m’banja lolemera ku New York City, kumene ali mnyamata anakumana ndi akatswiri olemba mabuku monga Thoreau, Emerson, Tennyson, ndi John Stuart Mill. Ali mwana, ankawerenga mabuku ambiri afilosofi ndipo ankadziwa bwino zinenero zisanu. Anayesa dzanja lake pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ntchito yojambula zithunzi, katswiri wa zachilengedwe m'nkhalango ya Amazon, ndi dokotala. Komabe, pamene analandira digiri ya ubwana wake ali ndi zaka 27, zinam’fooketsa ndi kulakalaka kwambiri moyo wake wopanda cholinga, umene unkawoneka wokonzedweratu ndi wopanda pake.

Mu 1870 iye anapanga kupambana kwa filosofi komwe kunamulola kuti atuluke mu kupsinjika maganizo kwake. Kunali kuzindikira kuti zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana. James anasokonezeka kwakanthawi, akumadabwa ngati anthu ali ndi ufulu weniweni wosankha, kapena ngati zochita zonse za anthu zili ndi zotsatira zokonzedweratu chifukwa cha majini kapena chilengedwe. Panthawiyo, adazindikira kuti mafunsowa anali osatheka komanso kuti vuto lalikulu kwambiri linali kusankha chikhulupiriro, zomwe zimatsogolera ku zotsatira zogwira mtima kwa wotsatira wake. James anapeza kuti zikhulupiriro zoikidwiratu za moyo zinam’pangitsa kukhala wopanda pake ndi wopanda chochita; zikhulupiriro zaufulu zimamuthandiza kuganiza zosankha, kuchita, ndi kukonzekera. Pofotokoza ubongo monga “chida cha zotheka” (Hunt, 1993, p. 149), iye anaganiza kuti: “Ndidzalingalira kuti nthaŵi imene ilipo mpaka chaka chamawa sichabechabe. Chochita changa choyamba cha ufulu wosankha chidzakhala chisankho chokhulupirira ufulu wakudzisankhira. Ndidzatenganso sitepe yotsatira ya chifuniro changa, osati kuchita kokha, komanso kukhulupirira mwa icho; kukhulupirira zenizeni zanga komanso mphamvu zanga zopanga. "

Ngakhale kuti thanzi la James silinali lolimba nthawi zonse, iye anapitirizabe kukwera mapiri, ngakhale kuti anali ndi matenda aakulu a mtima. Chisankho ichi chosankha ufulu wosankha chinamubweretsera zotsatira zamtsogolo zomwe ankafuna. James adapeza zoyambira za NLP: "Mapu si gawo" komanso "Moyo ndi njira yokhazikika." Chotsatira chinali ukwati wake ndi Ellis Gibbens, woimba piyano ndi mphunzitsi wa sukulu, mu 1878. Ichi chinali chaka chomwe adalandira chopereka cha wofalitsa Henry Holt kuti alembe buku la "sayansi" yatsopano yamaganizo. James ndi Gibbens anali ndi ana asanu. Mu 1889 anakhala pulofesa woyamba wa psychology pa yunivesite ya Harvard.

James anapitiriza kukhala "woganiza mwaufulu". Iye anafotokoza za "makhalidwe ofanana ndi nkhondo," njira yoyamba yofotokozera kusachita chiwawa. Anaphunzira mosamalitsa kusanganikirana kwa sayansi ndi zauzimu, motero anathetsa kusiyana kwakale pakati pa njira yokulira yachipembedzo ya atate wake ndi kufufuza kwake kwasayansi. Monga pulofesa, adavala kalembedwe kamene sikanali kovomerezeka kwa nthawizo (jekete lalikulu ndi lamba (Norfolk waistcoat), zazifupi zowala ndi tayi yothamanga). Nthawi zambiri ankawoneka pamalo olakwika kwa pulofesa: akuyenda kuzungulira bwalo la Harvard, akuyankhula ndi ophunzira. Amadana ndi ntchito zophunzitsa monga kuwerengera kapena kuyesa kuyesa, ndipo amangochita zoyesererazo akakhala ndi lingaliro lomwe amafuna kutsimikizira. Maphunziro ake anali zochitika zopanda pake komanso zoseketsa kotero kuti zidachitika kuti ophunzira adamudula mawu ndikumufunsa ngati atha kukhala wotsimikiza ngakhale kwakanthawi kochepa. Wanthanthi Alfred North Whitehead ananena za iye kuti: “Wanzeruyo, woyenera kumusirira, William James.” Kenako, ndilankhula za chifukwa chomwe tingatchule "agogo a NLP."

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma sensor system

Nthawi zina timaganiza kuti ndi omwe adayambitsa NLP omwe adapeza maziko amalingaliro a "kuganiza," kuti Grinder ndi Bandler anali oyamba kuzindikira kuti anthu ali ndi zokonda pazokhudza chidziwitso, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yowonetsera kuti akwaniritse zotsatira. Ndipotu, anali William James amene anatulukira zimenezi kwa anthu onse padziko lonse mu 1890. Iye analemba kuti: “Mpaka posachedwapa, anthanthi ankaganiza kuti pali maganizo a munthu, amene ali ofanana ndi maganizo a anthu ena onse. Chitsimikizo ichi chovomerezeka muzochitika zonse chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ku luso monga kulingalira. Komabe, pambuyo pake zinthu zambiri zinatulukira zimene zinatithandiza kuona mmene maganizo amenewa alili olakwika. Palibe mtundu umodzi wa «malingaliro» koma osiyanasiyana «malingaliro» ndipo izi ziyenera kuphunziridwa mwatsatanetsatane. (Buku 2, tsamba 49)

James adatchula mitundu inayi yamalingaliro: “Anthu ena amakhala ndi chizolowezi cha 'njira yoganiza', ngati munganene kuti, zowoneka, zina zomveka, zolankhula (pogwiritsa ntchito mawu a NLP, audio-digital) kapena mota (mu terminology ya NLP, kinesthetic) ; nthawi zambiri, mwina zosakanikirana mofanana. (Buku 2, tsamba 58)

Akufotokozanso za mtundu uliwonse, pogwira mawu a MA Binet «Psychologie du Raisonnement» (1886, p. 25): «Mtundu wamakutu ... ndi wocheperako kuposa mtundu wowoneka. Anthu amtundu umenewu amaimira zomwe amaganiza ponena za phokoso. Kuti akumbukire phunzirolo, amachulukitsa m'chikumbukiro chawo osati momwe tsambalo limawonekera, koma momwe mawu amamvekera ... Mtundu wagalimoto wotsalira (mwina wosangalatsa kwambiri mwa ena onse) umakhalabe, mosakayika, womwe umawerengedwa pang'ono. Anthu amtundu uwu amagwiritsa ntchito kuloweza, kulingalira komanso malingaliro onse amalingaliro omwe amapezedwa mothandizidwa ndi mayendedwe ... Pakati pawo pali anthu omwe, mwachitsanzo, amakumbukira bwino chojambula ngati atafotokoza malire ake ndi zala zawo. (Vol. 2, tsamba 60-61)

Yakobo anakumananso ndi vuto la kukumbukira mawu, limene iye anawalongosola kukhala lingaliro lachinayi lalikulu (katchulidwe, katchulidwe). Iye akunena kuti njirayi imachitika makamaka kudzera mu kusakanikirana kwa makutu ndi magalimoto. "Anthu ambiri, akafunsidwa momwe amaganizira mawu, amayankha m'makutu. Tsegulani milomo yanu pang'ono ndiyeno ganizirani mawu aliwonse amene ali labial ndi mano phokoso (labial ndi mano), mwachitsanzo, «kuwira», «toddle» (mumble, kuyendayenda). Kodi chithunzichi ndi chosiyana ndi izi? Kwa anthu ambiri, chithunzicho poyamba chimakhala "chosamveka" (chomwe chimamveka ngati munthu atayesa kutchula mawuwo ndi milomo yogawanika). Kuyesera kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa kuyimira kwathu kwapakamwa kumadalira momwe timamvera m'milomo, lilime, mmero, m'phuno, ndi zina. " (Buku 2, tsamba 63)

Chimodzi mwazotukuka zazikulu zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zabwera m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri la NLP ndi chitsanzo cha ubale wokhazikika pakati pa kayendetsedwe ka maso ndi njira yoyimira yogwiritsidwa ntchito. James amakhudza mobwerezabwereza kayendetsedwe ka maso komwe kumatsagana ndi dongosolo loyimira lofananira, lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati makiyi ofikira. Pofotokoza za m’maganizo mwake, James anati: “Zithunzi zonsezi poyamba zimaoneka kuti n’zogwirizana ndi diso. Komabe, ndikuganiza kuti mayendedwe othamanga amaso amangowatsatira, ngakhale kusunthaku kumayambitsa zomverera zopanda pake zomwe zimakhala zosatheka kuzizindikira. (Buku 2, tsamba 65)

Ndipo akuwonjezera kuti: "Sindingathe kuganiza m'njira yowoneka bwino, mwachitsanzo, popanda kumva kusinthasintha kwamphamvu, kusinthika (kusinthika), kusiyana (kusiyana) ndi malo ogona (kusintha) m'maso mwanga ... Monga momwe ndingadziwire, izi kumverera kumabwera chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwenikweni kwa maso, omwe, ndikukhulupirira, amapezeka m'tulo mwanga, ndipo izi ndizosiyana ndendende ndi zochita za maso, kukonza chinthu chilichonse. (Vol. 1, p. 300)

Submodalities ndi nthawi kukumbukira

James adazindikiranso kusiyana pang'ono momwe anthu amawonera m'maganizo, kumva zokambirana zamkati, komanso momwe amamvera. Iye adanena kuti kupambana kwa malingaliro a munthu kumadalira kusiyana kumeneku, kotchedwa submodalities mu NLP. James akulozera ku kafukufuku wokwanira wa Galton wa submodalities ( Pa Funso la Mphamvu za Munthu, 1880, p. 83), kuyambira ndi kuwala, kumveka bwino, ndi mtundu. Sanena kapena kuneneratu za ntchito zamphamvu zomwe NLP idzayika m'malingaliro awa m'tsogolomu, koma ntchito zonse zakumbuyo zachitika kale m'malemba a Yakobo: motere.

Musanadzifunse funso lirilonse la patsamba lotsatirali, lingalirani za mutu wakutiwakuti—tinene, tebulo limene munadyerapo chakudya cham’maŵa m’maŵa uno—yang’anani mosamalitsa chithunzi chili m’maso mwanu. 1. Kuunikira. Kodi chithunzi chomwe chili pachithunzichi ndi chocheperako kapena chowoneka bwino? Kodi kuwala kwake kungafanane ndi zochitika zenizeni? 2. Kumveka bwino. - Kodi zinthu zonse zimawoneka bwino nthawi imodzi? Malo omwe kumveka kumakhala kokulirapo panthawi imodzi ali ndi miyeso yocheperako poyerekeza ndi zochitika zenizeni? 3. Mtundu. Kodi mitundu ya china, buledi, tositi, mpiru, nyama, parsley ndi zina zonse zimene zinali patebulo n’zachilendo komanso zachibadwa?” (Buku 2, tsamba 51)

William James akudziwanso bwino kuti malingaliro am'mbuyomu ndi amtsogolo amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zakutali ndi malo. M'mawu a NLP, anthu ali ndi nthawi yomwe imayenda motsatira njira imodzi kupita m'mbuyomu komanso mbali ina yamtsogolo. James akufotokoza kuti: “Kuona mkhalidwewo kukhala wakale ndiko kuulingalira kukhala pakati pa, kapena ku mbali ya zinthu zimene panthaŵi ino zikuoneka kukhala zosonkhezeredwa ndi zakale. Ndilo gwero la kumvetsetsa kwathu zakale, zomwe kukumbukira ndi mbiri zimapanga machitidwe awo. Ndipo m’mutu uno tikambirana mfundo imeneyi, yomwe imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi nthawi. Ngati mawonekedwe a chidziwitso akanakhala mndandanda wa zomverera ndi zithunzi, zofanana ndi rosary, onse akanakhala amwazikana, ndipo sitingadziwe chilichonse koma mphindi yamakono ... kukula kwa kuwala kwa kachiromboka - chiphaniphani. Kuzindikira kwathu gawo lina lakuyenda kwa nthawi, zakale kapena zam'tsogolo, zapafupi kapena zakutali, nthawi zonse zimasakanizidwa ndi chidziwitso chathu cha mphindi yomwe ilipo. (Vol. 1, p. 605)

James akufotokoza kuti nthawi iyi kapena Timeline ndiye maziko omwe mumazindikira kuti ndinu ndani mukadzuka m'mawa. Pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya nthawi yeniyeni «Kale = kubwerera kumbuyo» (m'mawu a NLP, "mu nthawi, kuphatikizapo nthawi"), akunena kuti: "Pamene Paulo ndi Petro akudzuka m'mabedi omwewo ndikuzindikira kuti akhala mu maloto chifukwa ena nthawi nthawi, aliyense wa iwo maganizo amabwerera m'mbuyo, ndi kubwezeretsa njira imodzi mwa mitsinje iwiri ya maganizo kusokonezedwa ndi tulo. (Vol. 1, p. 238)

Anchoring ndi hypnosis

Chidziwitso cha machitidwe a zomverera chinali gawo laling'ono chabe la ulosi wa James wothandizira ku psychology monga gawo la sayansi. Mu 1890 adasindikiza, mwachitsanzo, mfundo yokhazikika yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu NLP. James adachitcha "mgwirizano". "Tiyerekeze kuti maziko a malingaliro athu onse otsatirawa ndi lamulo lotsatirali: pamene malingaliro aŵiri oyambirira achitika nthawi imodzi kapena nthawi yomweyo akutsatirana, imodzi mwa izo ikabwerezedwa, pali kusamutsidwa kwa chisangalalo ku njira ina." (Vol. 1, p. 566)

Akupitiriza kusonyeza (tsamba 598-9) mmene mfundo imeneyi iliri maziko a kukumbukira, chikhulupiriro, kupanga zisankho, ndi mayankho a m’maganizo. The Association Theory ndiye gwero lomwe Ivan Pavlov pambuyo pake adayambitsa chiphunzitso chake chakale cha kukhazikika kokhazikika (mwachitsanzo, ngati muombeza belu musanadyetse agalu, ndiye pakapita nthawi kulira kwa belu kumapangitsa agalu kugwetsa malovu).

James adaphunziranso chithandizo cha hypnosis. Amafanizira malingaliro osiyanasiyana a hypnosis, akupereka kaphatikizidwe kamalingaliro awiri otsutsana anthawiyo. Malingaliro awa anali: a) chiphunzitso cha «trance states», kutanthauza kuti zotsatira zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi hypnosis zimachokera ku chilengedwe chapadera cha "trance"; b) chiphunzitso cha «malingaliro», ponena kuti zotsatira za hypnosis zimachokera ku mphamvu ya malingaliro opangidwa ndi hypnotist ndipo safuna chikhalidwe chapadera cha malingaliro ndi thupi.

Kufotokozera kwa James kunali kuti adanena kuti ma trance states alipo, komanso kuti machitidwe a thupi omwe adagwirizana nawo kale akhoza kukhala zotsatira za ziyembekezo, njira, ndi malingaliro obisika opangidwa ndi hypnotist. Trance palokha ili ndi zotsatira zochepa zowoneka. Chifukwa chake, hypnosis = lingaliro + mkhalidwe wamalingaliro.

Mipingo itatu ya Charcot, zozizwitsa zachilendo za Heidenheim, ndi zochitika zina zonse za thupi zomwe poyamba zinkatchedwa zotsatira zachidziwitso chachindunji, sichoncho. Iwo ndi zotsatira za lingaliro. Chikhalidwe cha trance chilibe zizindikiro zoonekeratu. Choncho, sitingathe kudziwa nthawi imene munthu ali mmenemo. Koma popanda kukhalapo kwa chikhalidwe cha trance, malingaliro achinsinsi awa sakanatheka bwino…

Woyamba amawongolera woyendetsa, woyendetsa amawongolera wachiwiri, onse pamodzi amapanga bwalo loyipa kwambiri, pambuyo pake zotsatira zosamveka zimawululidwa. (Vol. 2, p. 601) Chitsanzochi chimagwirizana ndendende ndi chitsanzo cha Ericksonian cha hypnosis ndi malingaliro mu NLP.

Kuwoneratu: Kutengera Njira ya James

Kodi Yakobo anapeza bwanji zotulukapo zaulosi zabwino kwambiri zoterozo? Anafufuza malo amene palibe kafukufuku woyambirira yemwe wachitika. Yankho lake linali lakuti adagwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwonera yekha, yomwe adanena kuti inali yofunika kwambiri kotero kuti sinatengedwe ngati vuto la kafukufuku.

Kudziwonera tokha mozama ndi zomwe tiyenera kudalira poyamba. Mawu oti "kudziyang'anira" (kudziyang'anira) safuna tanthauzo, amatanthauza kuyang'ana m'malingaliro amunthu ndikuwuza zomwe tapeza. Aliyense avomereza kuti tipeza zikhalidwe zachidziwitso kumeneko ... Anthu onse ali otsimikiza kwambiri kuti akumva kuganiza ndikusiyanitsa maiko oganiza ngati zochitika zamkati kapena zopanda pake zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zimatha kulumikizana nazo pakuzindikira. Ndimawona chikhulupiriro ichi ngati chofunikira kwambiri pamalingaliro onse a psychology. Ndipo nditaya mafunso onse okhudzana ndi kukhulupirika kwake mkati mwa bukuli. (Vol. 1, p. 185)

Kuzindikira ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yomwe tiyenera kutengera ngati tikufuna kubwereza ndikukulitsa zomwe James adazipeza. Mu mawu omwe ali pamwambawa, James akugwiritsa ntchito mawu omveka kuchokera ku machitidwe onse atatu oyimira kufotokoza ndondomekoyi. Iye akuti ndondomeko zikuphatikizapo «kuyang'ana» (zowoneka), «malipoti» (makamaka Makutu-digito), ndi «kumverera» (kinesthetic representational dongosolo). James akubwereza ndondomekoyi kangapo, ndipo tikhoza kuganiza kuti ndilo kapangidwe kake "kufufuza" (m'mawu a NLP, Strategy yake). Mwachitsanzo, nayi ndime imene iye akufotokoza njira yake yopewera kutengera maganizo olakwika m’maganizo: «Njira yokhayo yopeŵera tsoka limeneli ndiyo kuilingalira mosamalitsa ndiyeno kupeza nkhani yofotokozedwa momveka bwino ya izo musanalole malingalirowo apite. osazindikirika.» (Vol. 1, p. 145)

James akufotokoza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka njira iyi kuyesa zonena za David Hume kuti zoyimira zathu zonse zamkati (zizindikiro) zimachokera ku zenizeni zakunja (kuti mapu nthawi zonse amakhala pagawo). Potsutsa mfundo imeneyi, James anati: “Ngakhale kungoyang’ana mwachiphamaso kungasonyeze kuti maganizo amenewa ndi olakwika. (Buku 2, tsamba 46)

Iye akufotokoza zimene maganizo athu amaganizira: “Maganizo athu amapangidwa motsatizanatsatizana ndi zithunzi, zimene zina zimachititsa zina. Uwu ndi mtundu wa kulota kwachisawawa, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti n'zotheka kuti nyama zapamwamba (anthu) ziyenera kugwidwa nazo. Kuganiza kotereku kumabweretsa mfundo zomveka: zonse zothandiza komanso zongoyerekeza ... Zotsatira za izi zitha kukhala zokumbukira mosayembekezereka za ntchito zenizeni (kulembera kalata bwenzi lakunja, kulemba mawu kapena kuphunzira phunziro lachilatini). (Vol. 2, p. 325)

Monga akunena mu NLP, James amayang'ana mkati mwake ndi "kuona" lingaliro (nangula wowoneka), yemwe ndiye "amaganizira mozama" ndi "kulongosola" mu mawonekedwe a maganizo, lipoti, kapena kutanthauzira (zowoneka ndi zomveka-ntchito za digito). ). Kuchokera pa izi, amasankha (mayeso a audio-digito) ngati alole lingaliro "lochoka mosazindikira" kapena "malingaliro" kuti achitepo (kinesthetic linanena bungwe). Njira zotsatirazi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito: Vi -> Vi -> Ad -> Ad/Ad -> K. James akufotokozanso zochitika zake zamkati zamaganizo, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zomwe ife mu NLP timachitcha kuti visual / kinesthetic synesthesias, ndipo makamaka akunena kuti zotsatira za ambiri mwa njira zake ndi kinesthetic «mutu nod kapena kupuma mozama». Poyerekeza ndi machitidwe omvera, machitidwe oyimira monga tonal, olfactory, ndi gustatory sizinthu zofunika pakuyesa kutuluka.

"Zithunzi zanga ndizosamveka bwino, zakuda, zachidule komanso zopanikizidwa. Zingakhale zosatheka kuwona chilichonse pa iwo, komabe ndimasiyanitsa mwangwiro wina ndi mnzake. Zithunzi zanga zongondimva ndizosakwanira kwenikweni. Ndilibe zithunzi za kukoma kapena kununkhiza. Zithunzi zowoneka bwino ndizosiyana, koma sizimalumikizana pang'ono ndi zinthu zambiri zamalingaliro anga. Malingaliro anga nawonso samafotokozedwa m'mawu onse, popeza ndili ndi mawonekedwe osadziwika bwino a ubale m'kati mwa kuganiza, mwina mogwirizana ndi kugwedeza mutu kapena kupuma mozama ngati mawu enieni. Nthawi zambiri, ndimakhala ndi zithunzi zosamveka bwino kapena kusuntha mkati mwamutu molunjika kumalo osiyanasiyana mumlengalenga, zomwe zimayenderana ndi zomwe ndimaganiza kuti ndi zabodza, kapena zomwe zimandinama nthawi yomweyo. Zimatsagana ndi kutulutsa mpweya kudzera m'kamwa ndi mphuno, zomwe sizikupanga mbali yozindikira ya malingaliro anga. (Buku 2, tsamba 65)

Kupambana kwakukulu kwa James mu njira yake ya Introspection (kuphatikizanso kupeza zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa za machitidwe ake) zikuwonetsa phindu logwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe tafotokozayi. Mwina tsopano mukufuna kuyesa. Ingoyang'anani nokha mpaka mutawona chithunzi choyenera kuyang'ana mosamala, ndiye mufunseni kuti adzifotokoze yekha, ayang'ane malingaliro a yankho, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kuyankha kwakuthupi ndi kumverera kwa mkati kutsimikizira kuti ntchitoyi yatha.

Kudzidziwitsa: Kupambana kosadziwika kwa James

Chifukwa cha zomwe James adachita ndi Introspection, pogwiritsa ntchito kumvetsetsa kwa machitidwe oyimira, anchoring, ndi hypnosis, zikuwonekeratu kuti pali mbewu zina zamtengo wapatali zomwe zingapezeke mu ntchito yake zomwe zingathe kuphuka monga zowonjezera za njira zamakono za NLP ndi zitsanzo. Mbali imodzi ya chidwi chapadera kwa ine (yomwe inali pakati pa James komanso) ndikumvetsetsa kwake kwa «kudzikonda» ndi maganizo ake pa moyo wonse (Vol. 1, pp. 291-401). James anali ndi njira yosiyana kwambiri yodziwira "kudzikonda". Anasonyeza chitsanzo chabwino cha lingaliro lachinyengo komanso losatheka la kukhalapo kwake.

"Kudzidziwitsa kumaphatikizapo mtsinje wa malingaliro, gawo lililonse la "Ine" lomwe lingathe: 1) kukumbukira zomwe zinalipo kale ndikudziwa zomwe ankadziwa; 2) kutsindika ndi kusamalira, choyamba, za ena a iwo, monga za «ine», ndi kusintha ena onse kwa iwo. Pachimake ichi «Ine» nthawizonse thupi kukhalapo, kumverera kukhalapo pa nthawi inayake mu nthawi. Chilichonse chomwe chimakumbukiridwa, zomverera zakale zimafanana ndi zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano, pomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti "Ine" yakhalabe yofanana. Izi «Ine» ndi empirical Kutolere wa maganizo analandira pamaziko a zenizeni zinachitikira. Ndilo «Ine» amene akudziwa kuti sangakhale ambiri, komanso sikuyenera kuganiziridwa pa zolinga za psychology chinthu chosasinthika cha metaphysical monga Soul, kapena mfundo monga Ego yoyera yomwe imaganiziridwa kuti "kunja kwa nthawi". Ili ndi Lingaliro, pa mphindi iliyonse yotsatila yosiyana ndi yomwe inali m'mbuyomu, koma, komabe, yokonzedweratu ndi nthawi ino ndikukhala nayo nthawi yomweyo chirichonse chomwe nthawiyo chimatchedwa chake ... kukhalapo kwake kwenikweni (komwe palibe sukulu yomwe ilipo idakayikira mpaka pano), ndiye lingaliro ili palokha lidzakhala woganiza, ndipo palibe chifukwa choti psychology ithane ndi izi mopitilira. (Zosiyanasiyana za Chipembedzo, p. 388).

Kwa ine, iyi ndi ndemanga yomwe ili yodabwitsa mu kufunikira kwake. Ndemanga iyi ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe James adachita zomwe zidanyalanyazidwanso mwaulemu ndi akatswiri azamisala. Pankhani ya NLP, James akufotokoza kuti kuzindikira "kudzikonda" ndikungodziŵika. A nominalization kwa «mwini» ndondomeko, kapena, monga James akunenera, ndi «kugawa» ndondomeko. "Ine" yotere ndi liwu lotanthauza mtundu wa ganizo lomwe zochitika zakale zimavomerezedwa kapena kuperekedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti palibe «woganiza» wosiyana ndi kuyenda kwa maganizo. Kukhalapo kwa chinthu choterocho n’chabechabe. Pali njira yokhayo yoganizira, payokha kukhala ndi zochitika zakale, zolinga ndi zochita. Kungowerenga lingaliro ili ndi chinthu chimodzi; koma kuyesa kwakanthawi kukhala naye ndi chinthu chodabwitsa! Yakobo akugogomezera, “Zakudya zokhala ndi zest imodzi yeniyeni m’malo mwa mawu oti ‘mphesa’, wokhala ndi dzira limodzi lenileni m’malo mwa liwu lakuti ‘dzira’ sangakhale chakudya chokwanira, koma chidzakhala chiyambi cha zenizeni. (Zosiyanasiyana za Chipembedzo, p. 388)

Chipembedzo monga chowonadi kunja kwa icho chokha

M’ziphunzitso zambiri zauzimu za dziko lapansi, kukhala m’chowonadi choterocho, kukwaniritsa lingaliro la kusalekanitsidwa kwa munthu ndi ena, kumalingaliridwa kukhala cholinga chachikulu cha moyo. Mkulu wina wachipembedzo cha Zen Buddhist anafuula atafika ku Nirvana, "Nditamva belu likulira m'kachisi, mwadzidzidzi panalibe belu, ine, koma kulira." Wei Wu Wei akuyamba funsani Wodzutsidwa (mawu a Zen) ndi ndakatulo iyi:

Chifukwa chiyani simukusangalala? Chifukwa 99,9 peresenti ya zonse zomwe mumaganiza Ndipo zonse zomwe mumachita Ndi zanu Ndipo palibenso wina.

Chidziwitso chimalowa mu minyewa yathu kudzera mu mphamvu zisanu zochokera kudziko lakunja, kuchokera kumadera ena a minyewa yathu, komanso ngati kulumikizana kosiyanasiyana komwe kumayenda m'miyoyo yathu. Pali njira yosavuta kwambiri yomwe, nthawi ndi nthawi, malingaliro athu amagawanitsa chidziwitsochi m'magawo awiri. Ndikuwona chitseko ndikuganiza "osati-ine". Ndikuwona dzanja langa ndikuganiza "ine" (ine "ndili mwini" dzanja kapena "kulizindikira" ngati langa). Kapena: Ndikuwona m'maganizo mwanga chilakolako cha chokoleti, ndipo ndikuganiza "osati-ine". Ine ndikuganiza kutha kuwerenga nkhaniyi ndi kumvetsa izo, ndipo ine ndikuganiza «ine» (ine kachiwiri «mwini» kapena «kuzindikira» ngati wanga). Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, mfundo zonsezi zili m’maganizo amodzi! Lingaliro la kudzikonda ndi kusakhala wekha ndi kusiyana kokhazikika komwe kuli kothandiza mophiphiritsa. Kugawanika komwe kwapangidwa mkati ndipo tsopano kuganiza kuti kumayang'anira minyewa.

Kodi moyo ukanakhala wotani popanda kulekana koteroko? Popanda kuzindikira komanso kusazindikirika, zidziwitso zonse muubongo wanga zitha kukhala ngati gawo limodzi lachidziwitso. Izi n’zimene zimachitikadi madzulo ena abwino pamene muchita chidwi ndi kukongola kwa kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa, pamene mwadzipereka kotheratu kuti mumvetsere konsati yosangalatsa, kapena pamene muli okhudzidwa kotheratu ndi mkhalidwe wachikondi. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa munthu amene wakumana ndi zochitikazo ndi zomwe zinamuchitikirazo zimasiya nthawi ngati izi. Mtundu woterewu wogwirizana ndi wamkulu kapena wowona wa «Ine» momwe palibe chomwe chimaperekedwa ndipo palibe chokanidwa. Ichi ndi chisangalalo, ichi ndi chikondi, ichi ndi chimene anthu onse amayesetsa. Izi, akutero James, ndiye gwero la Chipembedzo, osati zikhulupiriro zovuta zomwe, monga kuukira, zabisa tanthauzo la mawuwo.

"Kusiya kutanganidwa kwambiri ndi chikhulupiriro ndikudziyika tokha ku zomwe zili wamba komanso mawonekedwe, tili ndi mfundo yakuti munthu wanzeru amapitirizabe kukhala ndi Munthu wamkulu. Kupyolera mu izi kumabwera chokumana nacho chopulumutsa moyo ndi makhazikitsidwe abwino a zochitika zachipembedzo, zomwe ndikuganiza kuti ndi zenizeni komanso zowona pamene zikupitirira. " (Zosiyanasiyana za Chipembedzo, p. 398).

James akutsutsa kuti kufunika kwa chipembedzo sikuli mu zikhulupiriro zake kapena malingaliro ena osamveka a «nthanthi yachipembedzo kapena sayansi», koma mu phindu lake. Iye anagwira mawu a Pulofesa Leiba m’nkhani yakuti “The Essence of Religious Consciousness” (mu Monist xi 536, July 1901): “Mulungu sadziŵika, samvetsetseka, amagwiritsidwa ntchito — nthawi zina monga wopezera banja, nthawi zina monga wochirikiza makhalidwe abwino, bwenzi, nthawi zina ngati chinthu chokondedwa. Ngati zidakhala zothandiza, malingaliro achipembedzo samafunsanso china. Kodi Mulungu alikodi? Zimakhalapo bwanji? Ndindani? - mafunso ambiri osafunikira. Osati Mulungu, koma moyo, woposa moyo, wokulirapo, wolemera, wokhutiritsa kwambiri—ndiko kuti, pomalizira pake, cholinga cha chipembedzo. Kukonda moyo pamlingo uliwonse wa chitukuko ndicho chisonkhezero chachipembedzo.” (Zosiyanasiyana za Chipembedzo, p. 392)

Malingaliro ena; choonadi chimodzi

M'ndime zam'mbuyomu, ndatchulapo za kukonzanso chiphunzitso cha kudzidalira m'madera angapo. Mwachitsanzo, sayansi yamakono ikupita patsogolo pa mfundo zomwezo. Albert Einstein anati: “Munthu ndi mbali ya chilengedwe chonse, chimene timachitcha kuti “chilengedwe chonse”, chomwe chili ndi nthawi ndi mlengalenga. Amaona malingaliro ake ndi malingaliro ake ngati chinthu chosiyana ndi ena onse, mtundu wa kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo mwake. Kuona zinthu zopanda pake kumeneku kuli ngati ndende, imene imatilekeza pa zosankha zathu zaumwini ndi kugwilizana ndi anthu ocepa capafupi nafe. Ntchito yathu iyenera kukhala kudzimasula tokha ku ndendeyi mwa kukulitsa malire a chifundo chathu kuphatikiza zamoyo zonse ndi chilengedwe chonse mu kukongola kwake konse. (Dossey, 1989, p. 149)

M’nkhani ya NLP, Connirae ndi Tamara Andreas anafotokozanso zimenezi momveka bwino m’buku lawo lakuti Deep Transformation: “Chiweruzo chimaphatikizapo kusagwirizana pakati pa woweruzayo ndi amene akuweruzidwa. Ngati ine, mwakuya kwina kwauzimu, ndili gawo limodzi la chinachake, ndiye kuti palibe tanthauzo kuweruza icho. Ndikakhala ndi wina aliyense, ndizochitika zambiri kuposa momwe ndimaganizira za ine ndekha - ndiye ndimasonyeza mwa zochita zanga kuzindikira kwakukulu. Kumlingo wakutiwakuti ndimagonja ku chimene chiri mkati mwanga, chimene chiri chirichonse, ku chimene, m’lingaliro lathunthu la liwulo, ndili ine. (tsamba 227)

Mphunzitsi wauzimu Jiddu Krishnamurti anati: "Timajambula mozungulira mozungulira ife: kuzungulira ine ndi bwalo lozungulira inu ... Malingaliro athu amafotokozedwa ndi njira: zomwe ndakumana nazo pamoyo wanga, chidziwitso changa, banja langa, dziko langa, zomwe ndimakonda ndi zomwe sindimakonda." Ndimakonda, zomwe sindimakonda, kudana nazo, zomwe ndimasirira, zomwe ndimanong'oneza nazo bondo, mantha a izi ndi mantha a izo. Izi ndi zomwe bwalo liri, khoma lomwe ndimakhala kumbuyo ... kusiyana ndi mapeto ndi zochita zake zodzikonda? Kutha osati chifukwa cha zochitika zingapo, koma pambuyo pa chimodzi, koma chomaliza? ( The Flight of the Eagle, p. 94) Ndipo mogwirizana ndi malongosoledwe amenewa, maganizo a William James anali aulosi.

Mphatso ya William James NLP

Nthambi iliyonse yatsopano yotukuka ya chidziwitso ili ngati mtengo umene nthambi zake zimamera mbali zonse. Nthambi ina ikafika polekezera kukula kwake (mwachitsanzo, pakakhala mpanda m’njira), mtengowo ungasamutsire zinthu zofunika kuti zikule n’kupita ku nthambi zakale n’kupeza mphamvu zimene zinali zisanachitikepo m’nthambi zakale. Pambuyo pake, khoma likagwa, mtengowo ukhoza kutsegulanso nthambi yomwe inali yoletsedwa pakuyenda kwake ndikupitiriza kukula. Tsopano, zaka zana pambuyo pake, tingayang’ane m’mbuyo pa William James ndi kupeza mipata yambiri yolonjeza yofananayo.

Mu NLP, tafufuza kale zambiri zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito potsogolera machitidwe oyimira, ma submodalities, anchoring, ndi hypnosis. James adapeza njira ya Introspection kuti apeze ndikuyesa machitidwe awa. Kumaphatikizapo kuyang’ana zithunzithunzi za mkati ndi kulingalira mosamalitsa zimene munthuyo akuwona pamenepo kuti apeze chimene chimagwiradi ntchito. Ndipo mwina chodabwitsa kwambiri pa zonse zimene anatulukira n’chakuti sitili mmene timaganizira. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwiratu, Krishnamurti akuti, "Mwa aliyense wa ife pali dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ngati mukudziwa momwe mungayang'anire ndi kuphunzira, ndiye kuti pali khomo, ndipo m'manja mwanu muli fungulo. Palibe aliyense padziko lapansi amene angakupatseni khomo ili kapena kiyi ili kuti mutsegule, kupatula nokha. (“Ndinu Dziko,” p. 158)