Mu 2012, Pulofesa Oliver Scott Curry adachita chidwi ndi tanthauzo la makhalidwe. Nthaŵi ina, m’kalasi ya anthropology pa yunivesite ya Oxford, anapempha ophunzira ake kuti akambirane mmene amamvetsetsa makhalidwe abwino, kaya ndi obadwa nawo kapena apeza. Gululo linagaŵanika: ena anali okhutiritsidwa mwamphamvu kuti makhalidwe ndi ofanana kwa aliyense; ena - kuti makhalidwe ndi osiyana kwa aliyense.
"Ndinazindikira kuti, mwachiwonekere, mpaka pano anthu sanathe kuyankha mwatsatanetsatane funsoli, choncho ndinaganiza zopanga kafukufuku wanga," akutero Curry.
Zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri pambuyo pake, Curry, yemwe tsopano ndi Senior Fellow ku Oxford Institute for Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, atha kupereka yankho ku funso lomwe likuwoneka kuti ndi lovuta komanso losamvetsetseka la zomwe makhalidwe ndi amasiyana (kapena ayi) m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. .
M’nkhani yofalitsidwa posachedwapa m’magazini yotchedwa Current Anthropology, Curry analemba kuti: “Makhalidwe ndiwo maziko a mgwirizano wa anthu. Anthu onse m’chitaganya cha anthu amayang’anizana ndi mavuto a chikhalidwe ofananawo ndipo amagwiritsira ntchito mpambo wofanana wa malamulo amakhalidwe abwino kuwathetsa. Aliyense, kulikonse, ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana. Aliyense amachirikiza lingaliro lakuti mgwirizano kaamba ka ubwino wa onse ndi chinthu choyenera kuyesetsa kutero.”
Phunziroli, gulu la Curry lidaphunzira kufotokozera za chikhalidwe cha anthu m'magwero opitilira 600 ochokera m'magulu 60 osiyanasiyana, chifukwa chake adatha kuzindikira malamulo awa amakhalidwe abwino:
Thandizani banja lanu
Thandizani dera lanu
Yankhani ndi ntchito yantchito
・ Limba mtima
· Lemekezani akulu
Gawani ndi ena
Lemekezani katundu wa anthu ena
Ofufuzawa adapeza kuti m'zikhalidwe zonse, machitidwe asanu ndi awiriwa amawonedwa ngati abwino 99,9% yanthawiyo. Komabe, Curry akuti anthu m'madera osiyanasiyana amaika patsogolo mosiyana, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri makhalidwe onse amathandizidwa mwanjira ina.
Koma panalinso zochitika zina zochoka ku chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa a Chuuke, gulu lalikulu la fuko la Federated States of Micronesia, “kuli kwachizolowezi kuba poyera kusonyeza kulamulira kwa munthu ndi kuti iye sawopa mphamvu za ena. Ofufuza amene anafufuza kagulu kameneka anapeza kuti malamulo asanu ndi aŵiri a makhalidwe abwino a m’chilengedwe chonse amagwiranso ntchito pa khalidwe limeneli: “Zikuoneka kukhala choncho pamene mtundu umodzi wa mgwirizano (kukhala wolimba mtima, ngakhale kuti suli chisonyezero chenicheni cha kulimba mtima) upambana wina (ulemu). katundu),” iwo analemba motero.
Maphunziro ambiri ayang'ana kale malamulo ena amakhalidwe abwino m'magulu enaake, koma palibe amene anayesa kuphunzira malamulo amakhalidwe abwino m'magulu ambiri. Ndipo pamene Curry anayesa kupeza ndalama, lingaliro lake linakanidwa mobwerezabwereza ngati lodziwikiratu kapena losatheka kutsimikizira.
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri akhala akukangana ngati makhalidwe abwino ndi abwino kwa anthu onse kapena achibale. M’zaka za zana la 17, John Locke analemba kuti: “…
Wafilosofi David Hume sakugwirizana nazo. Iye analemba kuti ziweruzo za makhalidwe abwino zimachokera ku “malingaliro achibadwa akuti chilengedwe chapanga chilengedwe chonse kwa anthu onse,” ndipo ananenanso kuti anthu ali ndi chikhumbo chobadwa nacho cha choonadi, chilungamo, kulimba mtima, kudziletsa, kusasinthasintha, ubwenzi, chifundo, kukondana ndi kukhulupirika.
Podzudzula nkhani ya Curry, a Paul Bloom, pulofesa wa zamaganizo ndi zamaganizo pa yunivesite ya Yale, akunena kuti sitikugwirizana kwambiri ndi tanthauzo la makhalidwe abwino. Kodi ndi za chilungamo ndi chilungamo, kapena ndi za “kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa zamoyo”? Za anthu omwe amalumikizana kuti apindule kwa nthawi yayitali, kapena za kudzikonda?
Bloom akunenanso kuti olemba phunziroli sanafotokoze momwe kwenikweni timakhalira kupanga ziweruzo zamakhalidwe abwino ndi gawo lomwe malingaliro athu, malingaliro athu, mphamvu zamagulu, ndi zina zotero zimagwira popanga malingaliro athu okhudza makhalidwe. Ngakhale kuti nkhaniyo ikunena kuti ziweruzo za makhalidwe abwino n’zachilengedwe chonse chifukwa cha “kusonkhanitsa kwachibadwa, chibadwa, zopangapanga, ndi mabungwe,” olembawo “sanatchule chimene chiri chachibadwa, chimene chimaphunziridwa mwa chokumana nacho, ndi zotsatira za chosankha chaumwini.
Kotero mwinamwake malamulo asanu ndi awiri a chilengedwe chonse a makhalidwe abwino sangakhale mndandanda wotsimikizika. Koma, monga momwe Curry akunenera, m’malo mogawa dziko kukhala “ife ndi iwo” ndi kukhulupirira kuti anthu ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi sali ofanana kwenikweni, m’pofunika kukumbukira kuti komabe ndife ogwirizana chifukwa chachikulu cha makhalidwe ofanana.