Ryan Andrews
Mkaka, kodi ndi mankhwala athanzi?
Anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mkaka ngati gwero la zakudya zaka 10 zapitazo. Ngakhale kuti nyama zomwe anthu amamwa mkaka ndi ng'ombe, mbuzi, nkhosa, akavalo, njati, yaks, abulu, ndi ngamila, mkaka wa ng'ombe ndi umodzi mwa mitundu yokoma komanso yotchuka kwambiri ya mkaka wa mammalian.
Sizinayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kugwiritsira ntchito mkaka wa nyama zolusa pamlingo waukulu, monga carnivores excrete mkaka ndi kukoma kosasangalatsa.
Tchizi ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi achiarabu oyendayenda m'chipululu nthawi ya Neolithic ndi mkaka m'thumba lopangidwa kuchokera m'mimba mwa nyama.
Mofulumira kuzaka za m'ma 1800 ndi 1900 pamene ubale wathu ndi ng'ombe za mkaka unasintha. Chiwerengero cha anthu chawonjezeka ndipo kufunika kwa calcium ndi phosphorous pa thanzi la mafupa kwadziwika bwino.
Mkaka udakhala mutu wamakampeni opitilira maphunziro a anthu, madotolo adawonetsa ngati gwero lambiri la mchere. Madokotala amati mkaka ndi gawo “lofunika” la zakudya za mwana.
Mafakitalewo anagwirizana ndi zimene ankafunazo, ndipo mkaka unayamba kutuluka m’makhola odzaza ndi auve. Ng'ombe zambiri, dothi ndi malo ochepa ndi ng'ombe zodwala. Miliri inayamba kutsagana ndi njira yatsopano yopangira mkaka wopanda ukhondo. Alimi a mkaka akuyesera kuthira mkaka komanso kuyesa ng'ombe za matenda osiyanasiyana, koma mavuto akupitirira; Chifukwa chake kufalikira kudakhala kofala pambuyo pa 1900.
N’chifukwa chiyani kukonza mkaka kuli kofunika kwambiri?
Mabakiteriya ndi ma virus amatha kufalikira kuchokera ku nyama kupita kwa anthu. Pasteurization Pasteurization imaphatikizapo kutentha mkaka ku kutentha komwe tizilombo sitingathe kupirira.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pasteurization.
1920s: 145 madigiri Fahrenheit kwa mphindi 35, 1930s: 161 madigiri Fahrenheit kwa masekondi 15, 1970s: 280 madigiri Fahrenheit kwa 2 masekondi.
Zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza kupanga mkaka lero
Ng'ombe zimanyamula ana a ng'ombe kwa miyezi isanu ndi inayi ndipo amangopereka mkaka atangobereka kumene, monga momwe anthu amachitira. M'mbuyomu, alimi a mkaka ankalola ng'ombe kutsata nyengo yobereka, ndipo kubadwa kwa ng'ombe kunkagwirizanitsidwa ndi udzu watsopano wa masika.
Motero, mayi akamadyetsedwa mwaulele ankatha kubwezanso zakudya zake. Kudyetsa ng'ombe kumakhala ndi thanzi labwino chifukwa kumapereka udzu wabwino, mpweya wabwino komanso masewera olimbitsa thupi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kupanga mafakitale kumaphatikizapo kudyetsa ng’ombe tirigu. Pamene mbewu zambiri, m'pamenenso acidity m'mimba. Kukula kwa acidosis kumabweretsa zilonda zam'mimba, matenda a bakiteriya komanso njira zotupa. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amaperekedwa kuti alipire njirazi.
Opanga mkaka masiku ano amalowetsera ng'ombe patangopita miyezi yochepa kuchokera pamene zabadwa kale, ndi nthawi yochepa pakati pa mimba. Ng'ombe zikamapatsa mkaka kwa nthawi yoposa chaka chimodzi, chitetezo chawo cha mthupi chimachepa ndipo ubwino wa mkaka umachepa. Sikuti izi ndizosasangalatsa kwa ng'ombe, zimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa estrojeni mumkaka.
Ma Estrogens amatha kulimbikitsa kukula kwa zotupa. Kafukufuku wazaka khumi zapitazi wagwirizanitsa mkaka wa ng'ombe ndi kuwonjezeka kwa khansa ya prostate, mawere, ndi ovarian. Kafukufuku watsopano wa asayansi ochokera ku National Cancer Institute adapeza ma estrogens 15 mu mkaka kuchokera m'masitolo ogulitsa: estrone, estradiol, ndi 13 zotumphukira za metabolic za mahomoni ogonana achikazi.
Ma Estrogens amatha kulimbikitsa kukula kwa zotupa zambiri, ngakhale zitakhala zazing'ono kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, mkaka wosakanizidwa uli ndi ma estrogens aulere. Komabe, ili ndi hydroxyestrone, imodzi mwazowopsa kwambiri zama metabolites. Palinso mahomoni ena ogonana mu mkaka - "amuna" androgens ndi insulin-monga kukula factor. Kafukufuku wambiri wagwirizanitsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa ndi chiopsezo cha khansa.
moyo wa ng'ombe
Pamene mimba zambiri, ng'ombe zambiri. Ana a ng’ombe amaletsedwa kuyamwa mkati mwa maola 24 atabadwa m’mafamu ambiri. Popeza ng’ombe zamphongo sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mkaka, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ng’ombe. Bizinesi ya nyama ndizomwe zimachitika m'makampani a mkaka. Ana ang’ombe amalowedwa m’malo ndi amayi awo kenako n’kutumizidwa kukaphedwa.
Chiwerengero cha ng'ombe za mkaka ku US chinatsika kuchokera ku 18 miliyoni kufika ku 9 miliyoni pakati pa 1960 ndi 2005. Kuchuluka kwa mkaka kunakula kuchokera pa mapaundi 120 biliyoni kufika pa mapaundi 177 biliyoni panthawi yomweyo. Izi ndichifukwa cha njira yochulukitsira yofulumira komanso chithandizo chamankhwala. Nthawi ya moyo wa ng'ombe ndi zaka 20, koma pambuyo pa zaka 3-4 zogwira ntchito zimapita kophera. Nyama ya ng'ombe yamkaka ndiyo yotsika mtengo kwambiri.
Njira zogwiritsira ntchito mkaka
Anthu aku America amamwa mkaka wocheperako kuposa momwe amachitira kale, komanso amakonda mkaka wopanda mafuta ochepa, koma amadya tchizi wambiri komanso mkaka wozizira kwambiri (ayisikilimu). 1909 magaloni 34 a mkaka pa munthu (27 magaloni anthawi zonse ndi magaloni 7 a mkaka wosakanizidwa) mapaundi 4 a tchizi pa munthu 2 mapaundi a mkaka wozizira pa munthu aliyense
2001 23 magaloni a mkaka pa munthu (8 magaloni anthawi zonse ndi magaloni 15 a mkaka wosakanizidwa) mapaundi 30 a tchizi pa munthu Mapaundi 28 a mkaka wowuma pa munthu aliyense
Zomwe muyenera kudziwa za mkaka wa organic
Malonda a mkaka wa organic akuwonjezeka ndi 20-25% chaka chilichonse. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti "organic" amatanthauza zabwino m'njira zambiri. Tinganene kuti zimenezi n’zoona. Ngakhale kuti ng'ombe za organic ziyenera kudyetsedwa chakudya chamagulu, alimi sayenera kudyetsa ng'ombe zodyetsedwa ndi udzu.
Ng'ombe zamoyo sizilandira kwambiri mahomoni. Kugwiritsa ntchito kukula kwa hormone ndikoletsedwa pa ulimi wa organic. Mahomoni amawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi mastitis, amachepetsa moyo wa ng'ombe, komanso amalimbikitsa kukula kwa khansa mwa anthu. Koma mkaka wa organic sufanana ndi moyo wathanzi wa ng'ombe zamkaka kapena chithandizo chaumunthu.
Alimi a mkaka wa organic ndi alimi wamba amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yofanana ndi njira zokulirapo, kuphatikiza njira zomwezo zodyetsera ziweto. Mkaka wa organic umakonzedwa mofanana ndi mkaka wamba.
Zomwe muyenera kudziwa za kapangidwe ka mkaka
Mkaka wa ng'ombe ndi madzi 87% ndi zolimba 13%, kuphatikizapo mchere (monga calcium ndi phosphorous), lactose, mafuta, ndi mapuloteni a whey (monga casein). Kulimbitsa ndi mavitamini A ndi D ndikofunikira chifukwa milingo yachilengedwe ndiyotsika.
Casomorphins amapangidwa kuchokera ku casein, imodzi mwa mapuloteni mu mkaka. Muli ma opioid - morphine, oxycodone ndi endorphins. Mankhwalawa ndi osokoneza bongo ndipo amachepetsa kuyenda kwa m'mimba.
Chizoloŵezi chimakhala chomveka kuchokera kumalingaliro a chisinthiko, mkaka ndi wofunikira pa chakudya cha mwana, umachepetsa ndikumangiriza kwa amayi. Ma casomorphins omwe amapezeka mu mkaka wa munthu amakhala ofooka nthawi khumi kuposa omwe amapezeka mu mkaka wa ng'ombe.
Zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza thanzi la mkaka
Ambiri aife timamwa mkaka wa mayi akabadwa ndipo kenaka timalowa mkaka wa ng'ombe. Kukhoza kugaya lactose kumachepa pafupifupi zaka zinayi.
Pamene mkaka watsopano wambiri umalowa m'mimba, lactose yosagawanika imalowa m'matumbo. Imatulutsa madzi, kutulutsa kutupa ndi kutsekula m'mimba.
Anthu ndi nyama zokhazo zomwe zimaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito mkaka wamtundu wina. Izi zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa ana obadwa kumene chifukwa mkaka wamitundu ina sukumana ndi zosowa zawo.
The mankhwala zikuchokera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mkaka
Ngakhale kuti timauzidwa kuti kumwa mkaka ndi kwabwino kwa thanzi la mafupa, umboni wa sayansi umanena mosiyana.
mkaka ndi calcium
M'madera ambiri a dziko lapansi, mkaka wa ng'ombe umapanga gawo losafunika la zakudya, komabe matenda okhudzana ndi calcium (mwachitsanzo, osteoporosis, fractures) ndi osowa. Ndipotu, umboni wa sayansi umasonyeza kuti mkaka wokhala ndi calcium wochuluka kwambiri umawonjezera kutuluka kwa kashiamu m'thupi.
Kuchuluka kwa kashiamu komwe timapeza kuchokera ku chakudya sikofunika kwenikweni, m'malo mwake, chofunikira ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe timasunga m'thupi. Anthu omwe amadya mkaka wambiri amakhala ndi chiwopsezo chambiri cha osteoporosis komanso kusweka kwa chiuno akakalamba.
Ngakhale kuti mkaka wa ng’ombe ungakhale wolemera mu zakudya zina, n’zovuta kunena kuti ndi wathanzi.
Mkaka ndi matenda aakulu
Kudya mkaka kumalumikizidwa ndi matenda amtima, matenda a shuga 1, Parkinson's disease, ndi khansa. Zakudya zopatsa thanzi zimatha kusintha mawonekedwe a majini omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kukula kwa khansa. Casein, puloteni yomwe imapezeka mu mkaka wa ng'ombe, yakhala ikugwirizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya khansa, monga lymphoma, khansa ya chithokomiro, kansa ya prostate, ndi khansa ya ovary.
Zomwe muyenera kudziwa za mkaka ndi chilengedwe
Ng'ombe zamkaka zimadya chakudya chochuluka, zimatulutsa zinyalala zambiri komanso zimatulutsa methane. Ndithudi, ku San Joaquin Valley ku California, ng’ombe zimaonedwa kuti ndi zoipitsa kwambiri kuposa magalimoto.
famu wamba
Ma calories 14 a mphamvu yamafuta amafunikira kuti apange 1 calorie ya protein yamkaka
famu yachilengedwe
Ma calories 10 a mphamvu yamafuta amafunikira kuti apange 1 calorie ya protein yamkaka
Ndine mkaka
1 calorie yamafuta amafuta amafunikira kuti apange 1 calorie ya organic soya protein (mkaka wa soya)
Anthu omwe amamwa magalasi opitilira awiri a mkaka patsiku amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi lymphoma kuwirikiza katatu kuposa omwe amamwa kapu imodzi patsiku.
Kaya mumamwa mkaka zili ndi inu.