Kodi Aigupto akale ankadya monga ife? Ngati ndinu wosadya zamasamba, zaka masauzande apitawo m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Nile mukanamva kuti muli kwanu.
Ndipotu, kudya nyama yambiri ndizochitika zaposachedwa. M’zikhalidwe zakale, kudya zamasamba kunali kofala kwambiri, kupatulapo anthu oyendayenda. Anthu ambiri okhazikika ankadya zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba.
Ngakhale magwero anenapo kale kuti Aigupto akale anali okonda zamasamba, sizinatheke mpaka kafukufuku waposachedwa kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa zakudya izi kapena zakudya zina. Kodi adadya mkate? Kodi mudatsamira pa biringanya ndi adyo? Chifukwa chiyani sanaphe nsomba?
Gulu lofufuza la ku France linapeza kuti pofufuza ma atomu a carbon omwe anali mu mitembo ya anthu omwe ankakhala ku Egypt pakati pa 3500 BC e. ndi 600 AD e., mutha kupeza zomwe adadya.
Ma atomu onse a carbon m’zomera amachokera ku carbon dioxide m’mlengalenga kudzera mu photosynthesis. Mpweya umalowa m’thupi mwathu tikamadya zomera kapena nyama zimene zadya zomerazi.
Chinthu chachisanu ndi chimodzi chopepuka kwambiri pa tebulo la periodic, kaboni, chimapezeka m'chilengedwe ngati isotopu ziwiri zokhazikika: carbon-12 ndi carbon-13. Ma isotopu a chinthu chomwecho amachita chimodzimodzi koma amakhala ndi ma atomiki osiyanasiyana, pomwe kaboni-13 imakhala yolemera pang'ono kuposa carbon-12. Zomera zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri. Gulu loyamba, C3, ndilodziwika kwambiri pakati pa zomera monga adyo, biringanya, mapeyala, mphodza ndi tirigu. Gulu lachiwiri, laling'ono, C4, limaphatikizapo zinthu monga mapira ndi manyuchi.
Zomera zodziwika bwino za C3 zimatenga zochepa za isotopu yolemera ya kaboni-13, pomwe C4 imatenga zambiri. Poyesa chiŵerengero cha carbon-13 ndi carbon-12, kusiyana pakati pa magulu awiriwa kungadziwike. Ngati mudya zomera zambiri za C3, kuchuluka kwa carbon-13 isotope m'thupi lanu kumakhala kochepa kusiyana ndi kudya kwambiri zomera za C4.
Mitembo yofufuzidwa ndi gulu la ku France inali mitembo ya anthu 45 omwe anatengedwa kupita ku nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale ziwiri ku Lyon, France, m'zaka za zana la 19. "Tidatenga njira yosiyana pang'ono," akufotokoza motero Alexandra Tuzo, wofufuza wamkulu pa Yunivesite ya Lyon. "Tagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi mafupa ndi mano, pamene ofufuza ambiri akuphunzira za tsitsi, collagen ndi mapuloteni. Tinkagwiranso ntchito kangapo, kuphunzira anthu angapo kuyambira nthawi iliyonse kuti tikwaniritse nthawi yokulirapo. ”
Ofufuzawa adafalitsa zomwe adapeza mu Journal of Archaeology. Iwo anayeza chiŵerengero cha carbon-13 kwa carbon-12 (komanso ma isotopu ena angapo) m'mafupa, enamel, ndi tsitsi la zotsalira ndikuziyerekeza ndi miyeso ya nkhumba yomwe inalandira chakudya chowongolera cha C3 ndi C4. . Chifukwa chakuti kagayidwe ka nkhumba ndi kofanana ndi kagayidwe ka anthu, kuchuluka kwa isotopu kunali kofanana ndi komwe kumapezeka m’matupi a nkhumba.
Tsitsi limatenga mapuloteni ambiri a nyama kuposa mafupa ndi mano, ndipo chiŵerengero cha isotopes mu tsitsi la mummies chikufanana ndi cha anthu odya zamasamba amakono a ku Ulaya, kutsimikizira kuti Aigupto akale ambiri anali odya zamasamba. Monga momwe zilili ndi anthu ambiri amakono, zakudya zawo zinali zochokera ku tirigu ndi oats. Chomaliza chachikulu cha phunziroli chinali chakuti gulu la C4 mbewu monga mapira ndi manyuchi zinapanga gawo laling'ono la zakudya, zosakwana 10 peresenti.
Koma mfundo zodabwitsa zinapezekanso.
"Tidapeza kuti chakudyacho chinali chokhazikika nthawi zonse. Tinkayembekezera kuti zinthu zidzasintha,” akutero Tuzo. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti Aigupto akale adagwirizana bwino ndi malo awo pomwe dera la Nile lidayamba kukhala louma kuyambira 3500 BC. e. mpaka 600 AD e.
Kwa Kate Spence, katswiri wofukula zinthu zakale komanso katswiri wakale wa ku Egypt ku yunivesite ya Cambridge, izi sizinadabwe: "Ngakhale kuti derali ndi louma kwambiri, amalima mbewu pogwiritsa ntchito ulimi wothirira, zomwe zimakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri," akutero. Madzi a mu mtsinje wa Nailo atatsika, alimi anasendera pafupi ndi mtsinjewo n’kupitiriza kulima m’munda momwemo.
Chinsinsi chenicheni ndi nsomba. Anthu ambiri angaganize kuti Aiguputo akale, omwe ankakhala pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Nailo, ankadya nsomba zambiri. Komabe, ngakhale kuti pali umboni wochuluka wa chikhalidwe, panalibe nsomba zambiri m'zakudya zawo.
"Pali umboni wambiri wopha nsomba pamiyala yaku Egypt (yonse yokhala ndi harpoon ndi ukonde), nsomba zilinso m'malembawo. Pali umboni wochuluka wofukulidwa m’mabwinja wa nsomba za ku Gaza ndi Amama,” akutero Spence, akumawonjezera kuti mitundu ina ya nsomba sinadyedwe pazifukwa zachipembedzo. "Zonsezi n'zodabwitsa, chifukwa kafukufuku wa isotope amasonyeza kuti nsombazi sizinali zotchuka kwambiri."