Autism: ndi chiyani?
Autism ndi imodzi mwamagulu a kufalikira kwachitukuko (TED), yomwe imapezeka ali mwana, nthawi zambiri asanakwanitse zaka 3. Ngakhale kuti zizindikiro ndi kuopsa kwake kumasiyana, matenda onsewa amakhudza luso la mwana kapena wamkulu. kulankhulana ndi kucheza ndi ena.
Ma TED odziwika kwambiri ndi awa:
- satha kulankhula bwinobwino
- Matenda a Asperger
- Rett's syndrome
- Ma TED osadziwika (TED-NS)
- Disintegrative matenda a ubwana
Gulu latsopano la ma PDD M’kope lotsatira (limene lidzasindikizidwe mu 2013) la Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), bungwe la American Psychiatric Association (APA) likufuna kusonkhanitsa pamodzi mitundu yonse ya autistic m’gulu limodzi lotchedwa “autism spectrum disorders. ”. The pathologies ena mpaka pano wapezeka padera, monga Asperger a syndrome, ponseponse chitukuko matenda osati anatchula ndi ubwana disintegrative matenda, sadzaonanso monga enieni pathologies koma zosiyanasiyana Autism.16. Malinga ndi APA, njira zatsopano zomwe zakhazikitsidwa zipangitsa kuti pakhale matenda olondola komanso kuthandiza madokotala kupereka chithandizo chabwino. Madokotala ena amati gulu latsopanoli limatha kupatula anthu omwe ali ndi vuto locheperako monga Asperger's syndrome13 ndipo potero amawalepheretsa kupeza chithandizo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachipatala ndi maphunziro zomwe zili zopindulitsa kwa iwo. Inshuwaransi yazaumoyo ndi mapulogalamu aboma zimatengera tanthauzo la matenda omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi American Psychiatric Association (APA). Ku France, Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito International Classification of Diseases - 10th edition (CIM-10) monga gulu lazofotokozera.17. |
Zifukwa za Autism
Autism akuti ndi vuto lachitukuko lomwe zifukwa zake sizikudziwikabe. Ofufuza amavomereza kuti zinthu zambiri ndizochokera ku ma PDD, kuphatikiza zinthu zobadwa nazo et chilengedwe, zomwe zimakhudza kukula kwa ubongo asanabadwe komanso pambuyo pake.
ambiri Genoa atha kukhala nawo pakuyamba kwa autism mwa mwana. Izi zimaganiziridwa kuti zimathandizira kukula kwa ubongo wa fetal. Zinthu zina zomwe zimayambitsa chibadwa zimatha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha mwana kukhala ndi autism kapena PDD.
Zinthu zachilengedwe, monga kukhudzana ndi mankhwala owopsa asanabadwe kapena atabadwa, pangakhalenso zovuta pa nthawi yobereka kapena matenda asanabadwe. Mulimonsemo, maphunziro kapena khalidwe la makolo kwa mwana ndi udindo wa autism.
Mu 1998, kafukufuku wa ku Britain1 akuti pali kulumikizana pakati pa autism ndi kukhudzana ndi katemera wina, makamaka Katemera motsutsana ndi chikuku, rubella ndi mumps (MMR ku France, MMR ku Quebec). Komabe, kafukufuku angapo adawonetsa kuti palibe mgwirizano pakati pa katemera ndi autism² Wolemba wamkulu wa kafukufukuyu tsopano akuimbidwa mlandu wachinyengo. (Onani chikalata patsamba la Health Passport: Autism ndi Katemera: mbiri ya mikangano)
Matenda ogwirizana
Ana ambiri omwe ali ndi autism amavutikanso ndi matenda ena a ubongo6, monga :
- Khunyu (amakhudza 20 mpaka 25% ya ana omwe ali ndi autism18)
- Kupumula m'maganizo (kuyerekezeredwa kumakhudza mpaka 30% ya ana omwe ali ndi PDD19).
- Bourneville tuberous sclerosis (mpaka 3,8% ya ana omwe ali ndi autism20).
- Fragile X syndrome (mpaka 8,1% ya ana omwe ali ndi autism20).
Anthu omwe ali ndi autism nthawi zina amakhala ndi:
- Mavuto a tulo (kugona kapena kugona).
- mavuto m'mimba kapena ziwengo.
- ubwino zovuta convulsive zomwe zimayambira paubwana kapena unyamata. Kugwidwa uku kungayambitse chikomokere, kugwedezeka, ndiko kuti, kugwedezeka kosalamulirika kwa thupi lonse kapena kusuntha kwachilendo.
- Matenda amisala mongankhawa (zopezeka kwambiri komanso zokhudzana ndi vuto losintha kusintha, kaya zabwino kapena zoipa), phobias ndi maganizo.
- ubwino matenda achidziwitso (kusokonezeka kwa chidwi, kusokonezeka kwa magwiridwe antchito, kusokonezeka kwa kukumbukira, etc.)
Kukhala ndi mwana yemwe ali ndi autism kumabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu m'gulu la moyo wabanja. Makolo ndi abale ayenera kukumana ndi matendawa komanso bungwe latsopano la bungwe moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe sizili zophweka nthawi zonse. Zonsezi zimatha kupanga zambiri kupanikizika kwa banja lonse.
Kukula
Pafupifupi 6 mpaka 7 mwa anthu 1000 ali ndi PDD mwa omwe ali ndi zaka zosachepera 20, kapena mmodzi mwa ana 150. Matenda a Autism amakhudza ana a 2 mwa 20 osapitirira zaka 1000. Mwana mmodzi pa atatu alionse omwe ali ndi PDD amakhala ndi anzake osokonezeka maganizo. (Deta ya 2009 kuchokera ku Haute Autorité de Santé - HAS, France)
Ku Quebec, ma PDD amakhudza pafupifupi ana 56 azaka zakusukulu mwa 10, kapena 000 mwa ana amodzi. (1-178 data, Fédération québécoise de l'Autismme)
Mmodzi mwa ana 110 ku United States ali ndi vuto la autism spectrum2.
Kwa zaka 20 zapitazi, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la autism chawonjezeka modabwitsa ndipo tsopano ndi chimodzi mwa zilema zodziwika bwino m'masukulu. Njira zabwino zodziwira matenda, kuzindikirika kowonjezereka kwa ana omwe ali ndi PDD, komanso kuzindikira kwa akatswiri ndi chiwerengero cha anthu mosakayikira zathandizira kuwonjezereka kwa PDD padziko lonse lapansi.
Kuzindikira kwa Autism
Ngakhale kuti zizindikiro za autism nthawi zambiri zimawoneka pafupi ndi zaka za miyezi 18, kufufuza komveka nthawi zina sikutheka mpaka zaka zaka 3, pamene kuchedwa kwa chinenero, chitukuko ndi kuyanjana kwa anthu kumawonekera kwambiri. Mwanayo akapezeka msanga, m’pamene tingathe kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga.
Kupanga matenda a PDD, zinthu zosiyanasiyana ziyenera kuwonedwa mu khalidwe la mwanayo, luso la chinenero ndi kuyanjana kwa anthu. Kuzindikira kwa PDD kumachitika pambuyo pa a kufufuza kosiyanasiyana. Mayeso ndi mayeso ambiri ndizofunikira.
Ku North America, chida chodziwika bwino chowunikira ndi Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) lofalitsidwa ndi American Psychiatric Association. Ku Europe ndi kwina konse padziko lapansi, akatswiri azaumoyo amagwiritsa ntchito Gulu Lapadziko Lonse La Matenda (ICD-10).
Ku France, kuli Autism Resource Centers (ARCs) omwe amapindula ndi magulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana omwe amazindikira matenda a autism ndi PDD.