Kuphunzira za khalidwe mu ethology ikuchitika pamaziko a structural-dynamic njira. Magawo ofunikira kwambiri a ethology ndi awa:
- morphology ya khalidwe - kufotokoza ndi kusanthula zinthu za khalidwe (maonekedwe ndi mayendedwe);
- kusanthula ntchito - kusanthula zinthu zakunja ndi zamkati zamakhalidwe;
- maphunziro oyerekeza - kusanthula kwa chibadwa cha khalidwe [Deryagina, Butovskaya, 1992, p. 6].
M'kati mwa ndondomeko ya machitidwe a machitidwe, khalidwe limatanthauzidwa ngati dongosolo la zigawo zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zomwe zimapereka kuyankha koyenera kwa thupi pokhudzana ndi chilengedwe; ndi ndondomeko yomwe imachitika mu nthawi inayake [Deryagina, Butovskaya 1992, p.7]. The zigawo zikuluzikulu za dongosolo ndi «kunja» galimoto zochita za thupi zimene zimachitika poyankha kusintha kwa chilengedwe. Cholinga cha kafukufuku wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi machitidwe achibadwa komanso omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi maphunziro a nthawi yayitali (miyambo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, ntchito za zida, njira zoyankhulirana zopanda miyambo).
Kusanthula kwamakono kwa khalidwe kumachokera pa mfundo zotsatirazi: 1) utsogoleri; 2) mphamvu; 3) kachulukidwe akawunti; 4) njira mwadongosolo, poganizira kuti mawonekedwe a khalidwe ndi ogwirizana kwambiri.
Makhalidwe amapangidwa mwadongosolo (Tinbergen, 1942). Chifukwa chake, mu machitidwe amachitidwe, magawo osiyanasiyana ophatikizika amasiyanitsidwa:
- ntchito zoyambira zamagalimoto;
- kaimidwe ndi kayendedwe;
- kutsatizana kwa kaimidwe kolumikizana ndi mayendedwe;
- ensembles oimiridwa ndi zovuta za unyolo wochitapo kanthu;
- magawo ogwira ntchito ndi ma ensembles okhudzana ndi mtundu wina wa zochitika [Panov, 1978].
Katundu wapakati wa machitidwe amakhalidwe ndi kuyanjana mwadongosolo kwa zigawo zake kuti akwaniritse cholinga chachikulu. Ubale umaperekedwa kudzera mu unyolo wa kusintha pakati pa zinthu ndipo ukhoza kuonedwa ngati njira yeniyeni ya ethological yogwira ntchito ya dongosolo lino [Deryagina, Butovskaya, 1992, p. zisanu].
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi njira za chikhalidwe cha anthu zimabwerezedwa kuchokera ku zinyama, koma zimasinthidwa kuti ziwonetsere malo apadera a munthu pakati pa mamembala ena a zinyama. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha ethology, mosiyana ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonetsera anthu omwe sali nawo (ngakhale njira zowonetsera nawo mbali zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito). Zowonera zimakonzedwa m'njira yoti wowonedwayo asakukayikire, kapena sakudziwa cholinga cha zomwe akuziwonazo. Chizoloŵezi cha chikhalidwe cha akatswiri a ethologists ndi khalidwe lomwe munthu amakhala nalo monga zamoyo. Ethology yaumunthu imapereka chidwi chapadera pakuwunika kwapadziko lonse lapansi machitidwe osalankhula. Mbali yachiwiri ya kafukufuku ndi kusanthula zitsanzo za chikhalidwe cha anthu (nkhanza, kudzikonda, kulamulira chikhalidwe, khalidwe la makolo).
Funso lochititsa chidwi ndi la malire a kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Kuyang'anitsitsa khalidwe kungapangidwenso mu labotale. Koma pamenepa, koposa zonse, tikukamba za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ethology (kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamaganizo mumaganizo, mu psychotherapy, kapena kuyesa kuyesa lingaliro linalake). [Samokhvalov et al., 1990; Cashdan, 1998; Grummer et al, 1998].
Ngati poyamba ethology yaumunthu imayang'ana pa mafunso okhudza momwe zochita ndi zochita za anthu zimapangidwira komanso momwe zochita za anthu zimapangidwira, zomwe zinayambitsa kutsutsidwa kwa kusintha kwa phylogenetic kumayendedwe a maphunziro a munthu payekha, tsopano chidwi chimaperekedwa ku maphunziro a machitidwe a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ( ndi subcultures), kusanthula kwa njira zopangira machitidwe pakukula kwamunthu. Choncho, pakali pano, sayansi iyi imaphunzira osati khalidwe lokha lomwe liri ndi chiyambi cha phylogenetic, komanso limaganiziranso momwe makhalidwe onse angasinthidwe mkati mwa chikhalidwe. Zochitika zomalizirazi zinathandizira kukulitsa mgwirizano wapamtima pakati pa akatswiri a zamakhalidwe ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale, akatswiri a zomangamanga, akatswiri a mbiri yakale, akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi akatswiri a maganizo. Chifukwa cha mgwirizano woterewu, zasonyezedwa kuti chidziwitso chapadera cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chikhoza kupezedwa mwa kufufuza mozama za mbiri yakale: mbiri yakale, epics, mbiri, zolemba, zolemba, zojambula, zomangamanga, ndi zinthu zina zaluso [Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989 ; Dunbar et al, 1; Dunbar ndi Spoors 1995].
Milingo yazovuta zamagulu
M'makhalidwe amakono, zimawonedwa kuti ndizodziwikiratu kuti machitidwe amunthu payekha pazanyama komanso anthu amadalira kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu (Hinde, 1990). Chikoka cha anthu ndizovuta. Choncho, R. Hinde [Hinde, 1987] anakonza zoti atchule milingo ingapo ya mavuto a anthu. Kuwonjezera pa munthu payekha, mlingo wa kuyanjana kwa anthu, maubwenzi, mlingo wa gulu ndi mlingo wa anthu amasiyanitsidwa. Magawo onse amakhala ndi chikoka wina ndi mzake ndipo amakula mothandizidwa ndi chilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe. Ziyenera kumveka bwino kuti machitidwe amachitidwe pamakhalidwe ovuta kwambiri sangathe kuchepetsedwa kukhala kuchuluka kwa mawonetseredwe akhalidwe pagulu locheperako [Hinde, 1987]. Lingaliro lina lowonjezera likufunika kuti lifotokoze zochitika zamakhalidwe pamlingo uliwonse. Chifukwa chake, kuyanjana kwaukali pakati pa abale akuwunikiridwa potengera zomwe zimayambitsa khalidweli, pamene chikhalidwe chaukali cha ubale pakati pa abale ndi alongo chikhoza kuwonedwa kuchokera ku lingaliro la "mpikisano wa abale".
Khalidwe la munthu mu chimango cha njirayi amaonedwa ngati zotsatira za kuyanjana kwake ndi mamembala ena a gulu. Zimaganiziridwa kuti aliyense wa anthu omwe akukambirana ali ndi malingaliro enaake okhudzana ndi khalidwe lomwe angakhale nalo pazochitikazi. Munthu amalandira zisonyezero zofunika pamaziko a kale zinachitikira kulankhula ndi oimira ena a mitundu yake. Kulumikizana kwa anthu awiri osadziwika, omwe ali odana kwambiri m'chilengedwe, kaŵirikaŵiri amangokhala ndi mndandanda wokha wa ziwonetsero. Kulankhulana koteroko ndikokwanira kuti m'modzi mwa ogwirizanawo avomereze kugonja ndikuwonetsa kugonjera. Ngati anthu enieni adalumikizana nthawi zambiri, ndiye kuti maubwenzi ena amawuka pakati pawo, omwe amachitidwa motsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amacheza nawo. Chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi nyama ndi mtundu wa chipolopolo chomwe chimazungulira anthu ndikusintha momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira pa iwo. Chikhalidwe cha zinyama chikhoza kuwonedwa ngati kusintha kwa chilengedwe chonse. Bungwe la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi lovuta komanso losinthasintha, limakhala ndi gawo lalikulu poteteza anthu amtundu wina. Mapulasitiki a bungwe la chikhalidwe cha anthu atha kukhala ngati kusintha kwa makolo athu omwe ali ndi chimpanzi ndi bonobos, zomwe zinapereka zofunikira zoyamba za hominization [Butovskaya ndi Fainberg, 1993].
Vuto lofunika kwambiri la ethology yamakono ndikufufuza zifukwa zomwe machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha nyama ndi anthu amapangidwa nthawi zonse, ndipo nthawi zambiri malinga ndi mfundo ya hierarchical. Udindo weniweni wa lingaliro la kulamulira pakumvetsetsa tanthauzo la kulumikizana kwa anthu pagulu likukambidwa mosalekeza [Bernstein, 1981]. Maubwenzi apakati pa anthu amafotokozedwa mu nyama ndi anthu malinga ndi ubale ndi ubereki, machitidwe olamulira, ndi kusankha munthu payekha. Angathe kuphana (mwachitsanzo, udindo, chibale, ndi maubwenzi obereka), koma akhoza kukhalapo popanda wina ndi mzake (mwachitsanzo, maubwenzi a achinyamata m'banja ndi sukulu ndi anzawo amasiku ano).
Zoonadi, kufanana kwachindunji kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala poyerekezera khalidwe la nyama ndi anthu, chifukwa magulu onse a chikhalidwe cha anthu amakhudzana. Mitundu yambiri ya zochita za anthu ndi yeniyeni komanso yophiphiritsira m'chilengedwe, yomwe imatha kumveka pokhapokha pokhala ndi chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe apatsidwa komanso makhalidwe a chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu [Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989]. Social Organisation ndi kuphatikiza kwa njira zowunikira ndi kufotokozera machitidwe a anyani, kuphatikiza anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti athe kuwunika moyenera magawo oyambira a kufanana ndi kusiyana. Chiwembu cha R. Hind chimalola kuthetsa kusamvana kwakukulu pakati pa oimira sayansi ya zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ponena za kuthekera kwa kusanthula koyerekeza kwa khalidwe laumunthu ndi zinyama ndikudziwiratu pamagulu ati a bungwe omwe angayang'ane zofanana zenizeni.