Chiyambi cha ntchito ya ndale
Benazir Bhutto anabadwira m'banja lodziwika bwino: makolo a abambo ake anali akalonga a chigawo cha Sindh, agogo ake a Shah Nawaz nthawi ina adatsogolera boma la Pakistan. Iye anali mwana wamkulu m'banja, ndipo bambo ake ankamukonda kwambiri: iye anaphunzira pa sukulu yabwino Chikatolika ku Karachi, motsogozedwa ndi bambo ake Benazir anaphunzira Islam, ntchito za Lenin ndi mabuku za Napoleon.
Zulfikar analimbikitsa chikhumbo cha mwana wake wamkazi chofuna kudziwa komanso kudziyimira pawokha m'njira iliyonse: mwachitsanzo, ali ndi zaka 12 amayi ake adavala chophimba pa Benazir, monga momwe amachitira mtsikana wamakhalidwe abwino wochokera kubanja lachisilamu, adaumirira kuti mwanayo adzipanga yekha chophimba. kusankha - kuvala kapena ayi. "Chisilamu si chipembedzo chachiwawa ndipo Benazir amadziwa. Aliyense ali ndi njira yakeyake komanso zosankha zake! ” – iye anati. Benazir adakhala kuchipinda chake usiku wonse kusinkhasinkha mawu a abambo ake. Ndipo m'mawa adapita kusukulu popanda chophimba ndipo sanavalenso, amangophimba mutu wake ndi mpango wokongola monga msonkho ku miyambo ya dziko lake. Benazir nthawi zonse amakumbukira zomwe zinachitika pamene adanena za abambo ake.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto adakhala Purezidenti wa Pakistan mu 1971 ndipo adayamba kuyambitsa mwana wake wamkazi ku ndale. Vuto lalikulu kwambiri lazakunja linali nkhani yosathetsedwa ya malire a India ndi Pakistan, anthu awiriwa amakangana nthawi zonse. Pakukambilana ku India mu 1972, bambo ndi mwana wake wamkazi anawulukira limodzi. Kumeneko, Benazir anakumana ndi Indira Gandhi, adalankhula naye kwa nthawi yayitali mwamwayi. Zotsatira za zokambiranazo zinali zochitika zabwino, zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa kale mu ulamuliro wa Benazir.
Coup d'etat
Mu 1977, kulanda boma ku Pakistan kunachitika, Zulfikar adagwetsedwa ndipo, patatha zaka ziwiri za mlandu wotopetsa, adaphedwa. Mayi wamasiye komanso mwana wamkazi wa mtsogoleri wakale wa dzikolo adakhala mtsogoleri wa People's Movement, yomwe idafuna kuti pakhale nkhondo yolimbana ndi wolanda kulanda Zia al-Haq. Benazir ndi amayi ake anamangidwa.
Ngati mayi wachikulire akanapulumutsidwa ndi kutsekeredwa m’ndende ya panyumba, ndiye kuti Benazir ankadziwa mavuto onse a m’ndende. M’nyengo yotentha, selo yake inasanduka gehena weniweni. “Dzuwa linatenthetsa kamera kotero kuti khungu langa linapsa ndi moto,” analemba motero m’mbiri yake ya moyo. Ndinalephera kupuma, mpweya unali wotentha kwambiri kumeneko. Usiku, mphutsi za nthaka, udzudzu, akangaude zimatuluka m'misasa yawo. Pobisala ku tizilombo, Bhutto anaphimba mutu wake ndi bulangete la ndende lolemera ndi kulitaya pamene linakhala zosatheka kotheratu kupuma. Kodi mtsikana ameneyu anapeza kuti mphamvu panthawiyo? Zinakhalabe chinsinsi kwa iye, nayenso, koma ngakhale pamenepo Benazir nthawi zonse ankaganizira za dziko lake ndi anthu omwe anali otsekedwa ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa al-Haq.
Mu 1984, Benazir anatha kutuluka m'ndende chifukwa cha kulowererapo kwa asilikali amtendere akumadzulo. Kuguba kwachipambano kwa Bhutto kudutsa mayiko aku Europe kudayamba: iye, atatopa ndi ndende, adakumana ndi atsogoleri amayiko ena, adapereka zoyankhulana zambiri ndi atolankhani, pomwe adatsutsa poyera boma ku Pakistan. Kulimba mtima kwake komanso kutsimikiza mtima kwake kudasiyidwa ndi anthu ambiri, ndipo wolamulira wankhanza waku Pakistani adazindikira kuti anali ndi mdani wamphamvu komanso wamakhalidwe abwino. Mu 1986, malamulo ankhondo anachotsedwa ku Pakistan, ndipo Benazir anabwerera wapambana kudziko lakwawo.
Mu 1987, adakwatiwa ndi Asif Ali Zarardi, yemwe adachokera kubanja lodziwika bwino ku Sindh. Otsutsa oipitsitsa adanena kuti uwu unali ukwati wosavuta, koma Benazir adawona bwenzi lake ndi chithandizo mwa mwamuna wake.
Panthawiyi, Zia al-Haq akubwezeretsanso malamulo ankhondo m'dzikolo ndikuchotsa nduna za nduna. Benazir sangathe kuyimirira pambali ndipo - ngakhale kuti sanachiritse kubadwa kovuta kwa mwana wake woyamba - akulowa mu nkhondo yandale.
Mwamwayi, wolamulira wankhanza Zia al-Haq amwalira pa ngozi ya ndege: bomba linaphulitsidwa mu ndege yake. Pa imfa yake, ambiri adawona mgwirizano wakupha - adaimba mlandu Benazir ndi mchimwene wake Murtaza kuti akutenga nawo mbali, ngakhale amayi ake a Bhutto.
Kulimbirana mphamvu kwagwanso
Mu 1989, Bhutto anakhala nduna yaikulu ya Pakistani, ndipo ichi chinali chochitika chosaiwalika chambiri: kwa nthawi yoyamba m’dziko lachisilamu, mkazi wina anatsogolera boma. Benazir adayamba nthawi yake yoyamba ndi kumasula kwathunthu: adapereka boma lodzilamulira yekha ku mayunivesite ndi mabungwe a ophunzira, adathetsa ulamuliro pazofalitsa, ndikumasula akaidi andale.
Atalandira maphunziro apamwamba a ku Ulaya komanso kukulira m'miyambo yomasuka, Bhutto anateteza ufulu wa amayi, zomwe zimasemphana ndi chikhalidwe cha Pakistani. Choyamba, adalengeza ufulu wosankha: kaya ndi ufulu kuvala kapena kusavala chophimba, kapena kudzizindikira yekha osati monga woyang'anira nyumbayo.
Benazir adalemekeza ndi kulemekeza miyambo ya dziko lake ndi Chisilamu, koma nthawi yomweyo adatsutsa zomwe zidatha kale ndikulepheretsa kupita patsogolo kwa dziko. Chotero, iye kaŵirikaŵiri ndi poyera anagogomezera kuti iye anali wosadya zamasamba: “Chakudya chamasamba chimandipatsa nyonga kaamba ka zipambano zanga zandale. Chifukwa cha zakudya zakubzala, mutu wanga ulibe malingaliro olemetsa, inenso ndimakhala wodekha komanso wodekha, "adatero poyankhulana. Komanso, Benazir anaumirira kuti Msilamu aliyense akhoza kukana chakudya cha nyama, ndipo mphamvu "zoopsa" za nyama zimangowonjezera chiwawa.
Mwachilengedwe, zonena zotere ndi njira za demokalase zidapangitsa kusakhutira pakati pa Asilamu, omwe chikoka chawo chinakula ku Pakistan koyambirira kwa 1990s. Koma Benazir sanachite mantha. Adapita motsimikiza kuti agwirizane ndi mgwirizano ndi Russia polimbana ndi kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, adamasula asitikali aku Russia, omwe adamangidwa pambuyo pa kampeni ya Afghanistan.
Ngakhale kusintha kwabwino kwa ndondomeko zakunja ndi zapakhomo, ofesi ya nduna yaikulu nthawi zambiri ankaimbidwa mlandu wa ziphuphu, ndipo Benazir nayenso anayamba kulakwitsa ndi kuchita zinthu mopupuluma. Mu 1990, Purezidenti wa Pakistani Ghulam Khan adachotsa nduna yonse ya Bhutto. Koma izi sizinaphwanye chifuno cha Benazir: mu 1993, adawonekeranso pabwalo la ndale ndipo adalandira mpando wa nduna yayikulu ataphatikiza chipani chake ndi mapiko okonda boma.
Mu 1996, adakhala wandale wotchuka kwambiri mchakachi, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti sizikuyimira pamenepo: kusinthanso, njira zotsimikizika pankhani yaufulu wademokalase. M’kati mwa ulamuliro wake wachiŵiri, kusaphunzira kwa anthu kunachepa ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu, madzi anaperekedwa kumadera ambiri amapiri, ana analandira chithandizo chamankhwala chaulere, ndipo nkhondo yolimbana ndi matenda aubwana inayamba.
Koma kachiwiri, ziphuphu pakati pa gulu lake zinalepheretsa zolinga zazikulu za mkaziyo: mwamuna wake anaimbidwa mlandu wolandira ziphuphu, mchimwene wake anamangidwa pa milandu ya chinyengo cha boma. Bhutto nayenso adakakamizika kuchoka mdzikolo kupita ku Dubai. Mu 2003, khoti lapadziko lonse lapansi linapeza kuti milandu yachinyengo ndi ziphuphu ndizovomerezeka, ma akaunti onse a Bhutto adatsekedwa. Koma, ngakhale izi, adakhala moyo wandale kunja kwa Pakistan: adaphunzitsa, kupereka zoyankhulana komanso kukonza maulendo atolankhani kuti athandizire chipani chake.
Kubwerera mopambana komanso zigawenga
Mu 2007, Purezidenti wa Pakistani Pervez Musharraf anali woyamba kupita kwa ndale wochititsa manyaziyo, anachotsa milandu yonse ya katangale ndi ziphuphu, ndikumulola kuti abwerere kudziko. Kuti athane ndi kukwera kwa zigawenga ku Pakistan, adafunikira mnzake wamphamvu. Popeza kutchuka kwa Benazir kudziko lakwawo, kusankhidwa kwake kunali koyenera kwambiri. Komanso, Washington idachirikizanso mfundo za Bhutto, zomwe zidamupangitsa kukhala mkhalapakati wofunikira pazokambirana zandale zakunja.
Ku Pakistan, Bhutto adakhala wankhanza kwambiri pankhondo yandale. Mu November 2007, Pervez Musharraf adayambitsa malamulo ankhondo m'dzikoli, akufotokoza kuti kufalikira kwamphamvu kukutsogolera dziko kuphompho ndipo izi zikhoza kuimitsidwa ndi njira zowonongeka. Benazir sanagwirizane ndi izi ndipo pamisonkhano ina adanenanso zakufunika kosiya pulezidenti. Posakhalitsa anamangidwa panyumba, koma anapitirizabe kutsutsa boma lomwe linalipo.
"Pervez Musharraf ndi cholepheretsa chitukuko cha demokalase m'dziko lathu. Sindikuona kuti n’kothandiza kupitiriza kugwirizana naye ndipo sindikuona cholinga cha ntchito yanga pansi pa utsogoleri wake,” iye analankhula mokweza mawu pamsonkhano womwe unachitikira mumzinda wa Rawalpindi pa Disembala 27. Asanachoke. Benazir anayang'ana kunja kwa chitseko cha galimoto yake yonyamula zida ndipo nthawi yomweyo analandira zipolopolo ziwiri pakhosi ndi pachifuwa - sanavale zovala zoteteza zipolopolo. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi mabomba odzipha, omwe anayenda pafupi ndi galimoto yake pa moped. Bhutto adamwalira ndi vuto lalikulu, bomba lomwe linapha anthu opitilira 20.
Kupha kumeneku kunakwiyitsa anthu. Atsogoleri a mayiko ambiri adadzudzula boma la Musharraf ndipo adapereka chipepeso kwa anthu onse aku Pakistani. Prime Minister wa Israeli Ehud Olmert adatenga imfa ya Bhutto ngati tsoka lake, polankhula pawailesi yakanema yaku Israeli, adasilira kulimba mtima ndi kutsimikiza kwa "iron Lady of the East", ndikugogomezera kuti adawona mwa iye kugwirizana pakati pa maiko achisilamu ndi mayiko achisilamu. Israeli.
Purezidenti wa US, George W. Bush, polankhula ndi chikalata chovomerezeka, adatcha zigawenga izi "zonyansa". Purezidenti wa Pakistani Musharraf adapezeka kuti ali mumkhalidwe wovuta kwambiri: ziwonetsero za otsatira Benazir zidakula mpaka zipolowe, gululo lidafuula mawu akuti "Pansi ndi wakupha Musharraf!"
Pa Disembala 28, Benazir Bhutto anaikidwa m'manda m'chigawo cha Sindh, pafupi ndi manda a abambo ake.