Nkhani zachipembedzo masiku ano zikuyambitsa mikangano yoopsa m’chitaganya cha anthu. N’chifukwa chiyani mikangano yozikidwa pa chikhulupiriro ili yofala kwambiri? Kuwonjezera pa kusiyana kwa zikhulupiriro, nchiyani chimene chimachititsa mikangano? Akufotokoza wolemba mbiri ya chipembedzo Boris Falikov.
Psychology: N'chifukwa chiyani anthu akugawanikana pa nkhani zachipembedzo? Kodi nchifukwa ninji chipembedzo chimakhala choyambitsa mikangano ngakhale m’chivomerezo ndi chikhalidwe chofanana, osatchulanso zitukuko zosiyanasiyana?
Boris Falikov: Mukudziwa, kuti tiyankhe funso lovutali, tifunika kusiya mbiri yakale. Chifukwa, monga lamulo, mitundu yonse ya nsonga imakhala ndi mizu. Tiyenera kuwona momwe zidayambira.
Zonse zidayamba, mwachiwonekere, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu, makamaka Max Weber, anafika pa mfundo yakuti kusakhulupirira dziko, kukankhira chipembedzo kumadera onse a anthu, kuchotsa mabungwe achipembedzo ndi mabungwe a kulingalira, sayansi, kulingalira, positivism, ndi zina zotero, ndi njira yosasinthika. Zinayamba ndipo zidzapitirira motsatira mpaka ku tsogolo labwino. Koma zinapezeka kuti zonse sizinali choncho.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma XNUMX, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu anayamba kuona modabwa kuti chipembedzo sichikufuna kukankhidwira pambali, sichifuna kuloŵedwa m’malo ndi kulingalira. Njira imeneyi, kawirikawiri, si mzere. Zonse ndi zovuta kwambiri. Zolemba pamutuwu zidayamba kuwoneka, chidwi komanso kusanthula. Njira yodziwika bwino yatulukira: ndithudi, mtundu wina wa kukwera kwachipembedzo ukuyembekezeredwa, makamaka kumayiko otchedwa Kumwera kwapadziko lonse. Izi ndi Latin America, Africa, Middle East ndi Southeast Asia. Ndipo motsutsana ndi izi, motsatana, Kumpoto kwapadziko lonse (kapena Kumadzulo, monga akunena kuchokera ku inertia). Pano, mu Kumwera kwapadziko lonse uku, kukwera kwachipembedzo kukuchitikadi, ndipo kumatengera mitundu ya ndale, chikhazikitso chikukwera ngati mawonekedwe amphamvu kwambiri achipembedzo, pamene chipembedzo chikufuna kudzikhazikitsa chokha pakati pa anthu, kukhala ndi mtundu wina wa mphamvu.
Chikhazikitso cha chikhazikitso ndicho chilimbikitso chaukali cha mfundo zachipembedzo. Ndipo izi zimachitika m’zipembedzo zonse. Tikudziwa, ndithudi, Chisilamu ndi Chisilamu choyamba. Koma palinso chikhazikitso mu Chihindu, ndipo amachita zinthu zosasangalatsa kwambiri. Ngakhale Abuda (tili ndi chithunzi cha Abuda monga anthu osasokonezeka konse) kwinakwake ku Myanmar amathamanga ndi zibonga pambuyo pa Asilamu am'deralo ndikuthyola mitu yawo. Ndipo boma limanamizira kuti palibe chimene chikuchitika. Chotero kukwera kwa chikhazikitso chaukali cha ndale kumawonekera m’zipembedzo zonse.
Dziko lathu silinalowererepo. Choncho, nkhondo za chikhalidwe chathu sizili zotukuka monga Kumadzulo.
Ndipo nchiyani chikuchitika Kumadzulo? Chowonadi ndi chakuti Kumadzulo alibe chitetezo chotsutsana ndi izi. Ofundamentalist, mafunde okhazikika akukweza mitu yawo ku Europe, ku America, komanso kuno ku Russia. Komabe, ndife mbali ina ya Kumadzulo kwapadziko lonse, ngakhale kuti sikokwanira. Koma zoona zake n’zakuti ndondomeko imeneyi ikubwezeredwa m’mbuyo ndi mchitidwe wopitirizabe wachipembedzo. Ndiko kuti, ife (ndi Kumadzulo) tili ndi njira ziwiri nthawi imodzi. Kumbali ina, chikhazikitso chikukwera, kumbali ina, kusakhulupirira zachipembedzo kukupitirirabe. Ndipo chifukwa chake, pali chinthu choterocho chomwe akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu amatcha nkhondo za chikhalidwe ("nkhondo zachikhalidwe").
Ndi chiyani icho? Apa ndipamene olimbikitsa mfundo zachipembedzo komanso olimbikitsa mfundo zadziko mu demokalase amayesa kuthetsa mavuto awo. Komanso, amathetsa nkhani zovuta kwambiri: za kuchotsa mimba, kupanga majini, maukwati ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kusiyana kwamalingaliro pa nkhani zimenezi pakati pa anthu osapembedza ndi ochirikiza maziko kuli kwakukulu kwambiri. Koma kodi boma limachita bwanji pazochitika zoterezi?
Kumadzulo, boma, monga lamulo, ndilopanda ndale. Chilichonse chimagamulidwa pamilandu, pali makhoti odziyimira pawokha. Ndipo ku America, mwachitsanzo, okhulupirira chikhazikitso kapena osapembedza adzapititsa patsogolo chinachake. Iwo ali mbali zosiyana za mipiringidzo. Ku Russia, zomwezo ziyenera kuchitika. Vuto ndilakuti dziko lathu sililowerera ndale. Vuto lachiwiri ndilakuti tilibe makhoti odziyimira pawokha. Choncho, nkhondo za chikhalidwe chathu zilibe chikhalidwe chotukuka monga kumadzulo.
Ngakhale ziyenera kunenedwa kuti palinso zosokoneza kwambiri ku West. Mwachitsanzo, ku America komweko, posachedwapa dokotala wina amene anachotsa mimba anaphedwa. Kawirikawiri, ndizodabwitsa pamene wotetezera chiyero cha moyo chifukwa cha moyo wa mwana wosabadwayo amatenga moyo wa munthu wamkulu. Chikhalidwe chododometsa chikuwonekera.
Koma mulibe kumverera kuti chikhazikitso, kumbali imodzi, chikuwoneka kuti chiri ndi maziko achipembedzo, ndipo kumbali ina, sichimangirizidwa kwenikweni ku zikhalidwe zachipembedzo, kuti ndizongotengera zakale, momwe anthu awa. lingalirani za makhalidwe abwino? Kodi pali ubale wotani ndi chipembedzo?
BF: Apa ndi pamene timasiyana pang'ono ndi Kumadzulo. Chifukwa chakuti Kumadzulo, chifandamentaliro chikadali chogwirizana mwachindunji ndi mikhalidwe yachipembedzo. M’dziko lathu lino, sindikuganiza kuti n’zogwirizana ndi chipembedzo. Chifukwa, malinga ndi chidziwitso chathu cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, ngakhale 80% amati ndi a Orthodox, ichi ndi chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha dziko: samapita kutchalitchi nthawi zonse ndipo satenganso mgonero kukhala wofunika kwambiri. Tili ndi fundamentalism, ndikukayikira, imagwirizana kwambiri ndi anti-Westernism.
Otsatira athu achikhazikitso ndi iwo amene amakhulupirira kuti Kumadzulo kuli kuipa kokwanira
Otsatira athu achikhazikitso ndi iwo amene amakhulupirira kuti Kumadzulo kuli kuipa kokwanira. Ngakhale izi sizowona konse. Komabe, malingaliro ndi awa. Ndipo ife, monga linga lotsiriza la chowonadi cha uzimu wa ku Russia ndi mbiri yakale, za makhalidwe a makolo, timatsutsa izi mpaka kumapeto. Chilumba cha Olungama polimbana ndi Kumadzulo kowola. Ndikuwopa kuti Conservatism yathu ndi chikhazikitso chatsekedwa pa lingaliro ili.
M'nkhani yonena za filimu ya Kirill Serebrennikov Wophunzira, mumalemba za chinthu chatsopano chachipembedzo chosavomereza. Pali anthu amene Kumadzulo amatchedwa «nones», «palibe». M’dziko lathu, mtundu umenewu umaphatikizapo anthu amene amatengeka ndi mtima wofuna kubwezera ochimwa, kugwetsa mkwiyo wawo kwa amene sakugwirizana nawo. Chifukwa chiyani ziwonetsero zathu zikutenga fomu iyi?
BF: Ndinakumana ndi vutoli pamene ndinawona filimuyo "Wophunzira" mu Gogol Center ndipo ndinadabwa. Munthu wooneka ngati wachipulotesitanti akusonyezedwa. Poyamba ndimaganiza kuti seweroli ndi Marius von Mayenburg, waku Germany, Serebrennikov adazisintha kuti zigwirizane ndi zenizeni zaku Russia - ndipo adazisintha pang'ono. Chifukwa izi tikuzitenga kuti? Ndiyeno ndinalingalirapo ndipo ndinazindikira kuti chidziŵitso cha wojambulayo chinakhala chothwanima kwambiri kuposa chisonyezero cha akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu achipembedzo. Ndipo, taonani, “opanda” Kumadzulo ndi zotsatira za kusakhulupirira zachipembedzo, pamene mipingo ikuphwanyidwa, ndipo anthu amakhalabe ndi chikhulupiriro mu mfundo zapamwamba, koma nthawi yomweyo samasamala za kuvomereza kwawo. Akafunsidwa kuti, “Kodi ndinu Mprotestanti, Mkatolika, kapena Myuda?” iwo amati, “Ayi, ine…inde, ziribe kanthu, pali chinachake pamenepo. Ndipo ndikukhalabe ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba umenewu, ndipo chipembedzo chokhazikitsidwa n’chosasangalatsa kwa ine.”
Kufunafuna mfiti kumachititsa kuti anthu asiye kukhulupirirana
Kumadzulo, malowa akuphatikizidwa ndi malingaliro omasuka. Ndiko kuti, mu nkhondo zachikhalidwe, iwo ali kumbali ya anthu osapembedza, motsutsana ndi zotsutsana zonse. Zikuoneka kuti, monga ndinamvetsetsa nditatha kuyang'ana filimu ya Serebrennikov, munthu wathu uyu momveka bwino sali wovomereza. Ndicho chifukwa chake ngwazi imatumiza wansembe wa Orthodox kutali: samadzimva ngati membala wa Tchalitchi cha Orthodox, si Mprotestanti, palibe. Koma iye amawerenga Baibulo mosalekeza ndi kuwawaza mawu, moti ngakhale wansembe wosaukayu alibe chonena, salidziwa bwino Baibulo. Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka kuti m'dziko lathu munthu wosavomereza, kunena kwake titero, wokhulupirira ndi zotsatira za kukwera kwachipembedzo.
Izi ndi mbali imodzi. Ndipo kumbali ina, monga tanenera kale, palibe zifukwa zachipembedzo pano, koma makhalidwe amaliseche, mwachiwonekere: ndife oyera mu miinjiro yoyera, ndipo ponseponse ndi ochimwa. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mu filimuyi amamenyana ndi mphunzitsi wa biology, zomwe zimaimira zamakono, zamakono. Iye ndi wotsutsa Darwinist, amamenyana ndi Kumadzulo kwankhanza, komwe amakhulupirira kuti munthu amachokera ku anyani, ndipo sitikuganiza choncho. Mwambiri, zidapezeka kuti ndi mtundu wachidwi wa anthu osavomereza. Ndipo ndikukayikira kuti izi ndizofanana ndi ife.
Ndiko kuti, kuvomereza konse sikuli kokwanira kwa ngwazi?
BF: Inde, mukhoza kunena zimenezo. Monga, nonse munapeza mtundu wina wa modus vivendi pano, koma muyenera nthawi zonse kutembenukira kwa Mulungu wa m’Baibulo, Mulungu amene anawononga Sodomu ndi Gomora, anagwetsera moto woopsa ndi sulfure pa iwo. Ndipo umu ndi mmene muyenera kukhalira mutakumana ndi anthu oipa, achiwerewere.
Kodi mukuganiza kuti n’chifukwa chiyani kuganizira kwambiri zimene zinachitika m’mbuyomu, kufunitsitsa kutsitsimutsa zinthu zakale kumatigawanitsa m’malo momatigwirizanitsa ndi kutilimbikitsa?
BF: Mukuona, ndikuganiza kuti ndi pamene vuto lagona. Pamene pali maganizo a makolo, kwa maubwenzi onsewa, miyambo, zakale, kufunafuna mfiti kumayamba. Ndiko kuti, othandizira amakono, ogwira ntchito zamakono, omwe amalepheretsa kubwerera ku zakale, amakhala adani. Pali lingaliro loti izi ziyenera kugwirizanitsa: tapeza adani omwe ali nawo ndipo tidzatsutsana nawo mwadongosolo ... M'malo mwake, iye amagawanitsa anthu.
Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa kufunafuna mfiti kumabweretsa kukayikira kwakukulu. Anthu amasiya kukhulupirirana. Pali maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu, malinga ndi zomwe Russia, mwatsoka, ndi yotsika kwambiri ponena za coefficient of trust pakati pa anthu. Tilibe maubwenzi abwino kwambiri okhulupirirana: aliyense amakayikira chilichonse, kusagwirizana kukukulirakulira, kupatukana kwa anthu, chikhalidwe cha anthu chikung'ambika. Choncho, kufunafuna chithandizo m'mbuyomu ndi kukana zamakono, zamakono ndi za Kumadzulo, monga chizindikiro cha zamakono, zimatsogolera, mwa lingaliro langa, kusagwirizana.
Kodi mukuona njira iliyonse yothetsera vutoli? N'zoonekeratu kuti sitingathe kuchita pa mlingo wa boma, koma pa mlingo wa kugwirizana kwa anthu, kugwirizana yopingasa kapena maubwenzi payekha? Ili kuti njira yololera, osati kungovomerezana, komanso munkhondo zachikhalidwe? Kodi pali njira iliyonse yowafewetsa?
BF: Sitingathe kusintha ndondomeko ya boma ndi zinthu. Ponena za mbali yamalingaliro, yomwe ili yosangalatsa kwa inu, momwe mungakonzere zonsezi? Apa ndizovuta. Chifukwa zilakolako zimenezi kapena zinthu zooneka ngati zachipembedzo zimakhudza kwambiri maganizo kuposa maganizo. Tiyenera kuyesa kuyatsa malingaliro mwanjira ina, sichoncho? Komanso sizigwira ntchito bwino. Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti njira ya psychoanalytic ndiyo yolondola kwambiri. Kuphatikiza kwa chikomokere, mukayamba kuzindikira ma neuroses. Chikadakhala chifuniro changa, ndikadawonjezera udindo wa akatswiri amisala mdziko muno.
Chabwino, osachepera akatswiri a zamaganizo amapanga malo omwe mungakambirane nawo.
BF: Inde, komwe mungalankhulepo ndikubwera ku mgwirizano. Mwa njira, digiri ya psychologization ya anthu aku Western ndiyokwera kwambiri. Ndiko kuti, akatswiri a zamaganizo amatenga gawo lalikulu la chikhalidwe cha anthu kumeneko, ndipo ndithudi anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mautumiki awo, osati olemera okha, mautumikiwa amapezeka kwa ambiri.
Akatswiri a zamaganizo angathedi kuchitapo kanthu kuti achepetse kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu, kuti azindikire zomwe zimatilekanitsa ndi zomwe zimatigwirizanitsa. Tiona awa ngati mathero abwino a zokambirana.
Kuyankhulana kunalembedwa kwa polojekiti ya Psychologies "Mkhalidwe: mu ubale" pawailesi ya "Culture" mu October 2016.