Kodi ndizotheka mothandizidwa ndi chilankhulo china kukulitsa mikhalidwe yomwe timafunikira ndikusintha momwe timaonera dziko? Inde, katswiri wamaphunziro ambiri komanso mlembi wa njira yake yophunzirira zilankhulo mwachangu, wotchedwa Dmitry Petrov, ndiwotsimikiza.
Psychology: Dmitry, mudanenapo kuti chilankhulo ndi 10% masamu ndi 90% psychology. Mukutanthauza chiyani?
Wotchedwa Dmitry Petrov: Munthu akhoza kukangana za kuchuluka, koma ndikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti chinenerocho chili ndi zigawo ziwiri. Imodzi ndi masamu enieni, ina ndi psychology yoyera. Masamu ndi ma algorithms oyambira, mfundo zoyambira zamapangidwe a chilankhulo, njira yomwe ndimayitcha kuti matrix a chilankhulo. Mtundu wa tebulo lochulutsa.
Chilankhulo chilichonse chili ndi makina ake - izi ndizomwe zimasiyanitsa zilankhulo zauXNUMXbuXNUMXb kuchokera kwina, koma palinso mfundo zambiri. Podziwa bwino chilankhulo, pamafunika kubweretsa ma aligorivimu ku automatism, monga pophunzira masewera amtundu wina, kuvina, kapena kusewera chida choimbira. Ndipo awa si malamulo a kalankhulidwe chabe, awa ndi maziko omwe amapangira malankhulidwe.
Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la mawu. Imawonetsa mwachindunji malingaliro a wolankhula chilankhulo ichi padziko lapansi.
Kodi mukufuna kunena kuti mwa dongosolo limene zigawo za mawu zimayikidwa m’chiganizo, munthu angaweruze kaonedwe ka dziko ndi kaganizidwe ka anthu?
Inde. Mwachitsanzo, m’nthaŵi ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, akatswiri a zinenero za Chifalansa anawona ngakhale kupambana kwa chinenero cha Chifrenchi kuposa ena, makamaka Chijeremani, chifukwa chakuti Chifalansa amatchula dzina loyamba la nauni ndiyeno mlongosoledwe wa chinenerocho.
Iwo anapanga kutsutsana, zachilendo kwa ife mfundo yakuti Mfalansa amawona choyamba chinthu chachikulu, chenichenicho - dzina, ndiyeno amachipereka kale ndi mtundu wina wa tanthauzo, chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, ngati Russian, Englishman, German kunena «white house», French anganene «white house».
Momwe malamulo osinthira magawo osiyanasiyana amalankhulidwe mu chiganizo (tinene, aku Germany ali ndi algorithm yodabwitsa koma yolimba kwambiri) itiwonetsa momwe anthu ofananirawo amawonera zenizeni.
Ngati verebu liri poyambirira, zimakhala kuti zochita ndizofunikira kwa munthu poyamba?
Mokulira, inde. Tinene kuti zilankhulo za Chirasha ndi Chisilavo zili ndi dongosolo laulere la mawu. Ndipo izi zimaonekera m’mene timaonera dziko, mmene timasamalirira umunthu wathu.
Pali zilankhulo zomwe zili ndi dongosolo lokhazikika la mawu, monga Chingerezi: m'chinenerochi tidzangonena kuti "Ndimakukondani", ndipo mu Russian pali zosankha: "Ndimakukondani", "Ndimakukondani", "Ndimakukondani." ”. Gwirizanani, zambiri zosiyanasiyana.
Ndipo chisokonezo chochulukirapo, ngati kuti timapewa dala kumveka bwino ndi dongosolo. Malingaliro anga, ndi Russian kwambiri.
M'Chirasha, ndi kusinthasintha konse kwa zilankhulo zomangira, ilinso ndi "matrix masamu". Ngakhale chilankhulo cha Chingerezi chimakhala ndi dongosolo lomveka bwino, lomwe limawonekera m'malingaliro - mwadongosolo, pragmatic. M’menemo, liwu limodzi limagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’chiŵerengero chachikulu cha matanthauzo. Ndipo ichi ndi ubwino wa chinenero.
Kumene maverebu angapo owonjezera amafunikira mu Chirasha — mwachitsanzo, timati «kupita», «kukwera», «kutsika», «kubwerera», Mzungu amagwiritsa ntchito mneni wina «pita», omwe ali ndi zida. kaimidwe komwe kamapereka kalozera wamayendedwe.
Ndipo chigawo chamaganizo chimadziwonetsera bwanji? Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti ngakhale mu psychology ya masamu pali psychology yambiri, kuweruza ndi mawu anu.
Chigawo chachiwiri mu linguistics ndi psycho-emotional, chifukwa chinenero chilichonse ndi njira kuona dziko, kotero pamene ine ndiyamba kuphunzitsa chinenero, ine choyamba amanena kupeza ena mayanjano.
Chifukwa chimodzi, chilankhulo cha Chitaliyana chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zakudya zapadziko lonse: pizza, pasitala. Chinanso, Italy ndi nyimbo. Chachitatu - cinema. Payenera kukhala chithunzithunzi chamalingaliro chomwe chimatigwirizanitsa kudera linalake.
Ndiyeno timayamba kuzindikira chinenero osati monga ya mawu ndi mndandanda wa malamulo galamala, koma monga multidimensional danga limene tingakhalepo ndi omasuka. Ndipo ngati mukufuna kumvetsetsa bwino Chitaliyana, ndiye kuti simuyenera kuchita mu Chingerezi chapadziko lonse (mwa njira, anthu ochepa ku Italy amalankhula bwino), koma m'chinenero chawo.
Mphunzitsi wina wodziwika bwino wabizinesi mwanjira ina adaseka, kuyesera kufotokoza chifukwa chake anthu ndi zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana zidapangidwa. Mfundo yake ndi yakuti: Mulungu akusangalala. Mwina ndimagwirizana naye: momwe ndingafotokozerenso kuti anthu amayesetsa kulankhulana, kulankhulana, kudziwana bwino, koma ngati chopinga chinapangidwa mwadala, kufunafuna kwenikweni.
Koma kulankhulana kwakukulu kumachitika pakati pa olankhula chinenero chomwecho. Kodi amamvetsetsana nthawi zonse? Mfundo yakuti timalankhula chinenero chimodzi sichimatsimikizira kuti tizimvetsetsa, chifukwa aliyense wa ife amaika matanthauzo ndi malingaliro osiyana kotheratu pa zimene zikunenedwazo.
Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuphunzira chilankhulo china osati chifukwa ndi ntchito yosangalatsa yachitukuko, ndi chofunikira kwambiri kuti munthu ndi anthu apulumuke. Palibe mkangano wotero m'dziko lamakono - ngakhale zida kapena zachuma - zomwe sizingabwere chifukwa anthu m'malo ena sankamvetsetsana.
Nthawi zina zinthu zosiyana kwambiri zimatchedwa ndi mawu omwewo, nthawi zina, polankhula za chinthu chomwecho, amachitcha chodabwitsa ndi mawu osiyana. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nkhondo zimayamba, ndipo mavuto ambiri amabuka. Chilankhulo monga chodabwitsa ndicho kuyesa mwamantha kwa anthu kupeza njira yamtendere yolankhulirana, njira yopatsirana chidziŵitso.
Mawu amangopereka gawo lochepa chabe la chidziwitso chomwe timagawana. Zina zonse ndi nkhani.
Koma mankhwalawa sangakhale, mwa kutanthauzira, kukhala angwiro. Chifukwa chake, psychology ndi yofunika kwambiri kuposa chidziwitso cha chilankhulo, ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti mogwirizana ndi kuphunzira kwake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuphunzira malingaliro, chikhalidwe, mbiri ndi miyambo ya anthu.
Mawu amangopereka gawo lochepa chabe la chidziwitso chomwe timagawana. Zina zonse ndi nkhani, zochitika, kamvekedwe ka mawu, manja, maonekedwe a nkhope.
Koma kwa ambiri - mwina nthawi zambiri mumakumana ndi izi - mantha amphamvu ndendende chifukwa cha mawu ang'onoang'ono: ngati sindikudziwa mawu okwanira, ndimamanga zomanga molakwika, ndikulakwitsa, ndiye kuti sangandimvetsetse. Timagwirizanitsa kwambiri ndi «masamu» chinenero kuposa maganizo, ngakhale, likukhalira, izo ziyenera kukhala njira ina.
Pali gulu losangalala la anthu omwe, m'lingaliro labwino, alibe zovuta zowonongeka, zolakwika, zomwe, podziwa mawu makumi awiri, amalankhulana popanda mavuto ndikukwaniritsa zonse zomwe akufunikira kudziko lachilendo. Ndipo ichi ndi chitsimikizo chabwino kwambiri kuti musachite mantha kulakwitsa. Palibe amene adzakusekani. Sizimene zimakulepheretsani kuyankhulana.
Ndaona unyinji wa anthu amene anafunikira kuphunzitsidwa m’nyengo zosiyanasiyana za moyo wanga wa uphunzitsi, ndipo ndapeza kuti zovuta za kudziŵa bwino chinenero zimakhala ndi maonekedwe enaake ngakhale m’thupi la munthu. Ndapeza mfundo zingapo m’thupi la munthu zimene zimachititsa kuti munthu azivutika kuphunzira chinenero.
Mmodzi wa iwo ali pakati pa mphumi, kukangana komwe kulipo kwa anthu omwe amakonda kumvetsetsa zonse mosanthula, kuganiza zambiri asanachite.
Ngati muwona izi mwa inu nokha, zikutanthauza kuti mukuyesera kulemba mawu ena pa "chowonadi chamkati" chomwe mukufuna kufotokoza kwa interlocutor wanu, koma mukuwopa kulakwitsa, sankhani mawu oyenera, tulukani, sankhaninso. Zimatengera mphamvu yochuluka kwambiri ndipo zimasokoneza kwambiri kulankhulana.
Physiology yathu imasonyeza kuti tili ndi zambiri, koma pezani njira yopapatiza kwambiri kuti mufotokozere.
Mfundo ina ili m'munsi mwa khosi, pamtunda wa collarbones. Zimakhala zovuta pakati pa omwe amaphunzira chinenerocho, komanso pakati pa omwe amalankhula pagulu - aphunzitsi, ochita zisudzo, oimba. Zikuoneka kuti waphunzira mawu onse, amadziwa zonse, koma akangofika pokambirana, pakhosi pake pali chotupa china. Monga ngati chinachake chikundilepheretsa kufotokoza maganizo anga.
Physiology yathu imasonyeza kuti tili ndi chidziwitso chochuluka, koma timapeza njira yopapatiza kwambiri yofotokozera: timadziwa ndipo timatha kuchita zambiri kuposa zomwe tinganene.
Ndipo mfundo yachitatu - m'munsi mwa mimba - imakhala yovuta kwa iwo omwe amanyazi ndikuganiza kuti: "Bwanji ngati ndikunena chinachake cholakwika, bwanji ngati sindikumvetsa kapena sakundimvetsa, bwanji ngati akuseka. pa ine?” Kuphatikizana, unyolo wa mfundozi umatsogolera ku chipika, ku boma pamene titaya mphamvu ya kusintha, kusinthanitsa kwaufulu kwa chidziwitso.
Kodi mungachotse bwanji chipika cholumikizira ichi?
Ine ndekha ndimagwiritsa ntchito ndikupangira ophunzira, makamaka omwe angagwire ntchito monga omasulira, njira zopumira bwino. Ndinawabwereka ku machitidwe a yoga.
Timapuma, ndipo pamene timatulutsa mpweya, timayang'anitsitsa mosamala pamene tili ndi mavuto, ndi "kusungunuka", kumasula mfundozi. Kenako lingaliro la mbali zitatu la zenizeni likuwonekera, osati mzere, pamene "pakulowetsa" kwa mawu omwe tauzidwa kwa ife timagwira liwu ndi liwu, timataya theka la iwo ndipo sitimvetsetsa, ndipo "pazotulutsa" timapereka. mawu ndi mawu.
Sitilankhula mawu, koma mu semantic mayunitsi - kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso ndi malingaliro. Timagawana malingaliro. Ndikayamba kunena zinazake m’chinenero chimene ndimachilankhula bwino, m’chinenero changa kapena m’chinenero china, sindikudziwa kuti chiganizo changa chidzatha bwanji—pamakhala maganizo amene ndikufuna kukufotokozerani.
Mawu ndi othandizira. Ndicho chifukwa chake ma algorithms akuluakulu, matrix ayenera kubweretsedwa ku automatism. Kuti asayang'ane m'mbuyo nthawi zonse, nthawi zonse kutsegula pakamwa pake.
Kodi chinenero chachikulu ndi chiyani? Zimaphatikizapo chiyani - mawonekedwe a mneni, mayina?
Awa ndi mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya mneni, chifukwa ngakhale pali mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana m'chinenerocho, pali atatu kapena anayi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. Ndipo onetsetsani kuti mumaganizira za kuchuluka kwa mafupipafupi - pokhudzana ndi mawu ndi galamala.
Anthu ambiri amasiya kukhala ndi chidwi chophunzira chinenero akaona mmene galamala imasiyanasiyana. Koma sikoyenera kuloweza zonse zimene zili mu dikishonale.
Ndinali ndi chidwi ndi lingaliro lanu kuti chinenero ndi kapangidwe kake zimakhudza maganizo. Kodi kubweza kumachitika? Kodi chinenero ndi kamangidwe kake, mwachitsanzo, zimakhudza bwanji ndale m’dziko linalake?
Chowonadi ndi chakuti mapu a zilankhulo ndi malingaliro samayenderana ndi mapu andale adziko lapansi. Timamvetsetsa kuti kugawanika kukhala mayiko ndi zotsatira za nkhondo, zigawenga, mtundu wina wa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu. Zilankhulo zimadutsana bwino, palibe malire omveka pakati pawo.
Zina mwazonse zitha kudziwika. Mwachitsanzo, m'zinenero za mayiko omwe ali ndi chuma chokhazikika, kuphatikizapo Russia, Greece, Italy, mawu oti "ayenera", "chosowa" amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, pamene m'zinenero za kumpoto kwa Ulaya palibe mawu oterowo. .
Simungapeze mu dikishonale iliyonse momwe mungamasulire liwu la Chirasha loti "zofunikira" m'Chingerezi m'mawu amodzi, chifukwa siligwirizana ndi malingaliro achingerezi. Mu Chingerezi, muyenera kutchula mutuwo: ndani ali ndi ngongole, ndani akufunika?
Timaphunzira chinenero pazifukwa ziwiri - zosangalatsa ndi ufulu. Ndipo chinenero chilichonse chatsopano chimapereka digiri yatsopano ya ufulu
Mu Chirasha kapena Chiitaliya, tinganene kuti: "Tiyenera kupanga msewu." Mu Chingerezi ndi «Muyenera» kapena «Ndiyenera» kapena «Tiyenera kumanga». Zikuoneka kuti British kupeza ndi kudziwa munthu amene ali ndi udindo pa izi kapena izo. Kapena m'Chisipanishi, monga mu Chirasha, timati "Tu me gustas" (Ndimakukondani). Mutu ndi amene amakonda.
Ndipo mu chiganizo cha Chingerezi, analogue ndi "Ndimakukondani". Ndiko kuti, munthu wamkulu mu Chingerezi ndi amene amakonda munthu. Kumbali imodzi, izi zikuwonetsa kuwongolera kwakukulu ndi kukhwima, ndipo kwina, kudzikonda kwakukulu. Izi ndi zitsanzo ziwiri zosavuta, koma zimasonyeza kale kusiyana kwa njira ya moyo wa anthu a ku Russia, Spaniards ndi British, maganizo awo pa dziko lapansi ndi iwo eni m'dziko lino.
Zikutheka kuti ngati titenga chinenero, ndiye kuti maganizo athu, malingaliro athu a dziko lapansi adzasintha? Mwinamwake, n’zotheka kusankha chinenero chophunzirira mogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe imene mukufuna?
Pamene munthu, atadziŵa bwino chinenero, amachigwiritsa ntchito ndipo ali m’malo olankhula chinenero, mosakayikira amakhala ndi makhalidwe atsopano. Ndikamalankhula Chitaliyana, manja anga amayatsa, manja anga amakhala achangu kwambiri kuposa ndikamalankhula Chijeremani. Ndimakhala wotengeka mtima kwambiri. Ndipo ngati mumakhala mumkhalidwe woterowo nthawi zonse, ndiye kuti posakhalitsa umakhala wanu.
Ine ndi anzanga tinaona kuti ophunzira a m’mayunivesite a zinenero zina amene anaphunzira Chijeremani anali anzeru komanso okonda kuyenda. Koma iwo omwe adaphunzira Chifalansa amakonda kuchita zinthu zamasewera, ali ndi njira yopangira moyo komanso kuphunzira. Mwa njira, omwe amaphunzira Chingerezi amamwa mowa pafupipafupi: a British ali m'mayiko atatu omwe amamwa mowa kwambiri.
Ndikuganiza kuti China yakwera pachuma chotere chifukwa cha chilankhulo chake: kuyambira ali aang'ono, ana achi China amaphunzira zilembo zambiri, ndipo izi zimafunikira kuzama modabwitsa, kulimbikira, kupirira komanso kuzindikira zambiri.
Mukufuna chilankhulo chomwe chimalimbitsa mtima? Phunzirani Chirasha kapena, mwachitsanzo, Chechen. Kodi mukufuna kupeza kukoma mtima, kukhudzidwa, kukhudzika? Chitaliyana. Chilakolako - Spanish. Chingerezi chimaphunzitsa pragmatism. German - pedantry ndi sentimentality, chifukwa burgher ndi kwambiri sentimental cholengedwa mu dziko. Turkey idzakulitsa zankhondo, komanso talente yokambirana, kukambirana.
Kodi aliyense amatha kuphunzira chinenero china kapena muyenera kukhala ndi luso lapadera pa izi?
Chilankhulo ngati njira yolankhulirana chimapezeka kwa munthu aliyense amene ali ndi malingaliro abwino. Munthu amene amalankhula chinenero chake, mwa kutanthauzira, amatha kulankhula wina: ali ndi zida zonse zofunika. Ndi nkhambakamwa kuti ena ali okhoza pomwe ena sangathe. Kaya pali zolimbikitsa kapena ayi ndi nkhani ina.
Tikamaphunzitsa ana, siziyenera kutsagana ndi chiwawa, zomwe zingayambitse kukanidwa. Zinthu zabwino zonse zimene tinaphunzira m’moyo, tinazilandira mosangalala, sichoncho? Timaphunzira chinenero pazifukwa ziwiri - zosangalatsa ndi ufulu. Ndipo chinenero chatsopano chilichonse chimapereka ufulu watsopano.
Kuphunzira zilankhulo kwatchulidwa ngati chithandizo chotsimikizika cha matenda a dementia ndi Alzheimer's, malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa *. Ndipo bwanji sudoku kapena, mwachitsanzo, chess, mukuganiza bwanji?
Ndikuganiza kuti ntchito iliyonse yaubongo ndiyothandiza. Kungoti kuphunzira chinenero ndi chida chosunthika kwambiri kuposa kuthetsa mawu ophatikizika kapena kusewera chess, chifukwa pali mafani ocheperako amasewera ndi kusankha mawu kuposa omwe adaphunzira chilankhulo china kusukulu.
Koma m'dziko lamakono, timafunikira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maphunziro a ubongo, chifukwa, mosiyana ndi mibadwo yakale, timagawira ntchito zathu zambiri zamaganizidwe ku makompyuta ndi mafoni a m'manja. M'mbuyomu, aliyense wa ife ankadziwa manambala amafoni ambiri pamtima, koma tsopano sitingathe kupita kusitolo yapafupi popanda woyendetsa.
Kalekale, kholo laumunthu linali ndi mchira, atasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mchira uwu, unagwa. Posachedwapa, takhala tikuona kuwonongeka kotheratu kwa kukumbukira anthu. Chifukwa tsiku lililonse, ndi m'badwo uliwonse wa matekinoloje atsopano, timagawira ntchito zochulukirachulukira ku zida zamagetsi, zida zodabwitsa zomwe zimapangidwira kutithandiza, kutichotsera katundu wowonjezera, koma zimatichotsera pang'onopang'ono mphamvu zathu zomwe sitingathe kupatsidwa.
Kuphunzira chinenero mu mndandanda uwu ndi amodzi mwa malo oyambirira, ngati si oyamba, monga njira imodzi yothanirana ndi kuwonongeka kwa kukumbukira: pambuyo pake, kuti tiloweze pamtima zomwe zimapangidwira chinenero, ndipo makamaka kuyankhula, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito. mbali zosiyanasiyana za ubongo.
* Mu 2004, Ellen Bialystok, Ph. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti kudziwa zilankhulo ziwiri kumatha kuchedwetsa kuchepa kwa chidziwitso cha ubongo kwa zaka 4-5.