Zamkatimu
Mu 1848, chingamu choyamba chinapangidwa mwalamulo, chomwe chidapangidwa ndi abale aku Britain Curtis ndikuyamba kugulitsa malonda awo pamsika. Ndizosachita chilungamo kunena kuti mbiri ya chinthu ichi idayamba kuyambira pomwepo, chifukwa prototypes ya chingamu idalipo kale.
Pakufukula zakale, zidutswa za utomoni kapena phula zomwe zimatafunidwa zimapezeka - kenako ku Greece wakale ndi ku Middle East, anthu kwa nthawi yoyamba adatsuka mano ku zinyalala za chakudya ndikupumira mwatsopano. Amwenye Amaya amagwiritsa ntchito mphira - timadzi ta mtengo wa Hevea, anthu aku Siberia - utomoni wowoneka bwino wa larch, anthu aku Asia - osakaniza masamba a tsabola wa betel ndi laimu wopha tizilombo.
Chicle - Native American chiwonetsero cha chingamu chamakono
Pambuyo pake, Amwenyewo adaphunzira kuwira timadzi tomwe timatengera pamitengomo pamoto, chifukwa chake kunayambira unyolo wonyezimira, wofewa kuposa matayala am'mbuyomu. Umu ndi m'mene woyamba kutafuna chingamu adabadwa - chicle. Panali zoletsa zambiri mdera la India zomwe zimayang'anira ndikuwongolera kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka tchipisi. Mwachitsanzo, pagulu, azimayi ndi ana osakwatiwa okha ndi omwe amaloledwa kutafuna chingamu, koma akazi okwatiwa amatha kutafuna thupilo pokhapokha ngati palibe amene akuwawona. Bambo wina amene amatafuna thukuta adamuimbira mlandu wokhudzana ndi ukazi komanso manyazi.
Atsamunda ochokera ku Dziko Lakale adatengera chizolowezi cha anthu amtunduwu kutafuna tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikuyamba kuchita bizinesi yake, kutumiza katundu kumayiko aku Europe. Kumene, komabe, kunali kofala kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito fodya wotafuna, womwe kwa nthawi yayitali wapikisana ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Ntchito yoyamba yopanga chingamu idayamba m'zaka za zana la 19, pomwe abale a Curtis omwe atchulidwawa adayamba kulongedza zidutswa za paini zosakanizidwa ndi phula. Anaonjezeranso zonunkhira za parafini kuti chingamu chikhale chosiyanasiyana.
Kuti muyike tani ya mphira? Tiyeni tipite chingamu!
Nthawi yomweyo, gulu la mphira linalowa mumsika, patent yomwe William Finley Semple adalandira. Bizinesi yaku America sinayende bwino, koma lingalirolo lidangotengedwa mwachangu ndi a American Thomas Adams. Atagula toni ya mphira pamtengo wotsika, sanapeze ntchito iliyonse ndipo anaganiza kuphika chingamu.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, batch yaying'onoyo idagulitsa mwachangu ndipo Adams adayamba kupanga misa. Pambuyo pake, adaonjezera kukoma kwa licorice ndikupatsa chingamu chofanana ndi pensulo - chingamu chotere chimakumbukiridwanso ndi Amereka aliyense mpaka lero.
Nthawi ya chingamu
Mu 1880, kukoma kofala kwambiri kwa chingamu kumalowa mumsika, ndipo mzaka zochepa dziko lapansi lidzawona chipatso "Tutti-Frutti". Mu 1893, Wrigley adakhala mtsogoleri pamsika wachangu.
William Wrigley choyamba amafuna kupanga sopo. Koma wochita bizinesi wochititsa chidwiyo adatsata kutsogolera kwa ogulawo ndikukonzanso kupanga kwake ku chinthu china - chingamu. Kuwotcha kwake ndi Zipatso Zowutsa mudali zazikulu kwambiri, ndipo kampaniyo ikulamuliranso m'munda mwachangu. Nthawi yomweyo, chingamu chimasinthiranso mawonekedwe ake - mbale zowonda zazitali phukusi lililonse zinali zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kuposa mitengo yam'mbuyo.
1906 - nthawi yoyambira gamu woyamba wa Blibber-Blubber (bubble gum), yomwe idapangidwa ndi Frank Fleer, ndipo mu 1928 idasinthidwa ndi wolemba nkhani wa Fleer a Walter Deamer. Kampani yomweyi idapanga ma gum-lollipops, omwe amafunikira kwambiri, chifukwa amachepetsa kununkhira kwa mowa pakamwa.
Walter Diemer adapanga chingamu chomwe chikupitilirabe mpaka pano: 20% mphira, 60% shuga, 29% manyuchi a chimanga, ndi 1% kununkhira.
Kutafuna chingamu chosazolowereka kwambiri: TOP 5
1. Kutafuna chingamu
Chingamu ichi chili ndi phukusi lonse la ntchito zamano: kuyeretsa, kupewa kupewa, kuchotsa makina owerengera mano. Mapepala awiri okha patsiku - ndipo mutha kuyiwala zakupita kwa dokotala. Awa ndi Arm & Hammer Care Care yovomerezedwa ndi madokotala a mano aku US. Chungamu chilibe shuga, koma chimakhala ndi xylitol, chomwe chimathandiza kupewa mano. Soda imakhala ngati bulitchi, zinki imayambitsa mpweya wabwino.
2. Kutafuna chingamu m'malingaliro
Mu 2007, a Matt Davidson, wophunzira wazaka 24 wazomaliza maphunziro ku labu ya Stanford University, adapanga ndikupanga Think Gum. Wasayansi ntchito pa Chinsinsi cha Kutulukira ake kwa zaka zingapo. Chungamu chimakhala ndi rosemary, timbewu tonunkhira, chopangidwa kuchokera ku zitsamba zaku India bacopa, guarana ndi mayina ena angapo azomera zakunja zomwe zimakhudza ubongo wamunthu, kukumbukira kukumbukira ndikuwonjezera chidwi.
3. Kutafuna chingamu pofuna kuchepetsa thupi
Maloto oti onse achepetse kunenepa - osadya zakudya zilizonse, ingogwiritsani ntchito chingamu! Ndi cholinga ichi kuti chingamu cha Zoft Slim chinapangidwa. Amaletsa kudya ndipo amalimbikitsa kuchepa thupi. Ndipo chophatikizira Hoodia Gordonii ndi amene amachititsa izi - cactus yochokera ku chipululu cha South Africa, yomwe imakhutitsa njala, imachepetsa shuga wamagazi ndi cholesterol.
4. Kutafuna chingamu
Kugwiritsa ntchito zakumwa zakumwa kumazimiririka kumbuyo ndikuwonekera kwa chingamu champhamvu ichi, chomwe chimatha kuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito mphindi 10 zokha - osavulaza m'mimba! Blitz Energy Gum ili ndi 55 mg wa caffeine, mavitamini B ndi taurine mu mpira umodzi. Zonunkhira za chingamu ichi - timbewu tonunkhira ndi sinamoni - zoti tisankhepo.
5. chingamu
Tsopano, m'malo mwa galasi la vinyo wabwino, mukhoza kungotafuna chingamu, chomwe chimaphatikizapo vinyo wa doko la ufa, sherry, claret, burgundy ndi champagne. Inde, ndi zosangalatsa zokayikitsa kutafuna vinyo m’malo momwa, koma m’maiko achisilamu kumene mowa ndi woletsedwa, chingamu chimenechi ndi chotchuka.