Mu 2016, polankhula pa World Economic Forum ku Davos, pulezidenti wake, Klaus Martin Schwab, adalankhula za "Fourth Industrial Revolution": nyengo yatsopano ya automation yathunthu yomwe imapanga mpikisano pakati pa nzeru zaumunthu ndi luntha lochita kupanga. Kulankhula kumeneku (komanso bukhu la dzina lomweli) kumaonedwa ngati kusintha kwa chitukuko cha matekinoloje atsopano. Mayiko ambiri afunikira kusankha njira yomwe angatsatire: luso lazopangapanga kukhala patsogolo pa ufulu ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense, kapena mosiyana? Choncho kusintha kwa sayansi kunasanduka chikhalidwe ndi ndale.
Ndi chiyani chinanso chimene Schwab analankhula, ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani chili chofunika kwambiri?
Kusinthaku kudzasintha mphamvu pakati pa anthu ndi makina: nzeru zopangira (AI) ndi maloboti adzapanga ntchito zatsopano, komanso kupha akale. Zonsezi zidzabweretsa kusalingana pakati pa anthu ndi chipwirikiti china pakati pa anthu.
Ukadaulo wapa digito upereka mwayi waukulu kwa iwo omwe azibetchera pa nthawi yake: opanga, omwe ali ndi masheya komanso osunga ndalama. Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito ku mayiko.
Pampikisano wautsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi masiku ano, aliyense amene ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pazanzeru zopanga amapambana. Phindu lapadziko lonse lapansi pakugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa AI m'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi likuyerekeza $ 16 thililiyoni, ndi bGawo lalikulu kwambiri lidzapita ku US ndi China.
M'buku lake "The Superpowers of Artificial Intelligence", katswiri wa IT waku China Kai-Fu Lee akulemba za kulimbana komwe kulipo pakati pa China ndi United States pankhani yaukadaulo, zochitika za Silicon Valley, komanso kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mayiko awiriwa.
USA ndi China: mpikisano wa zida
USA limatengedwa kuti ndi limodzi mwa mayiko otukuka kwambiri pankhani ya nzeru zopangapanga. Zimphona zapadziko lonse zokhala ku Silicon Valley - monga Google, Apple, Facebook kapena Microsoft - samalani kwambiri zomwe zikuchitikazi. Magulu ambiri oyambira akugwirizana nawo.
Mu 2019, a Donald Trump adalamula kuti pakhale American AI Initiative. Zimagwira ntchito m'magawo asanu:
Department of Defense AI Strategy ikukamba za kugwiritsa ntchito matekinolojewa pazosowa zankhondo komanso chitetezo cha pa intaneti. Nthawi yomweyo, mu 2019, United States idazindikira ukulu wa China muzizindikiro zina zokhudzana ndi kafukufuku wa AI.
Mu 2019, boma la US lidapereka pafupifupi $ 1 biliyoni kuti afufuze zanzeru zopanga. Komabe, pofika chaka cha 2020, 4% yokha ya akuluakulu a US akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya AI, poyerekeza ndi 20% mu 2019. Amakhulupirira kuti kuopsa kwa teknoloji ndipamwamba kwambiri kuposa mphamvu zake.
China ikufuna kupitilira US munzeru zopangira komanso matekinoloje ena. Zoyambira zitha kuganiziridwa mu 2017, pomwe National Strategy for Development of AI Technologies idawonekera. Malinga ndi izi, pofika 2020, China iyenera kukhala itagwira atsogoleri adziko lonse lapansi, ndipo msika wonse wa AI mdziko muno uyenera kupitilira $ 22 biliyoni. Akukonzekera kuyika $ 700 biliyoni pakupanga mwanzeru, mankhwala, mizinda, ulimi ndi chitetezo.
Mtsogoleri waku China, Xi Jinping, akuwona AI ngati "mphamvu yolimbikitsa kusintha kwaukadaulo" komanso kukula kwachuma. Purezidenti wakale waku China Google Li Kaifu akuti izi ndi zomwe AlphaGo (chitukuko cha ofesi yayikulu ya Google) idagonjetsa katswiri waku China go game Ke Jie. Izi zakhala zovuta zaukadaulo ku China.
Chinthu chachikulu chomwe dziko lakhala lotsika ku United States ndi atsogoleri ena mpaka pano ndi kafukufuku wofunikira, kukulitsa ma aligorivimu oyambira ndi tchipisi totengera AI. Kuti athane ndi izi, China ikubwereka mwachangu matekinoloje apamwamba komanso akatswiri pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi, pomwe samalola makampani akunja kupikisana ndi achi China kunyumba.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pakati pa makampani onse omwe ali m'munda wa AI, opambana amasankhidwa m'magawo angapo ndikukwezedwa kwa atsogoleri amakampani. Njira yofananayi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kale m'makampani opanga mauthenga. Mu 2019, malo oyamba oyendetsa ndege opanga zatsopano komanso kugwiritsa ntchito luntha lochita kupanga adayamba kumangidwa ku Shanghai.
Mu 2020, boma likulonjeza $ 1,4 thililiyoni ina ya 5G, AI ndi magalimoto odziyendetsa okha. Akubetcha paomwe amapereka kwambiri makina apakompyuta ndi kusanthula deta - Alibaba Group Holding ndi Tencent Holdings.
Baidu, "Google yaku China" yolondola mpaka 99% yozindikira nkhope, zoyambitsa iFlytek ndi Face zakhala zopambana kwambiri. Msika wama microcircuits aku China mchaka chimodzi chokha - kuyambira 2018 mpaka 2019 - wakula ndi 50%: mpaka $ 1,73 biliyoni.
Poyang'anizana ndi nkhondo yamalonda komanso kuipiraipira kwa ubale waukazembe ndi United States, China yawonjezera kuphatikizika kwa ntchito zaboma ndi zankhondo m'munda wa AI. Cholinga chachikulu sikuti ndi tekinoloje yokha, komanso kukwera kwa geopolitical kuposa United States.
Ngakhale kuti dziko la China lakwanitsa kugonjetsa United States ponena za mwayi wopeza deta yaikulu komanso yaumwini, idakali m'mbuyo pankhani ya zothetsera zamakono, kufufuza ndi zipangizo. Nthawi yomweyo, aku China amasindikiza zolemba zambiri za AI.
Koma kuti tipange ma projekiti a AI, sitifunikira zothandizira komanso thandizo la boma. Kupeza kopanda malire kwa deta yayikulu kumafunika: ndi omwe amapereka maziko a kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, komanso kuphunzitsa ma robot, ma algorithms ndi ma neural network.
Zambiri zazikulu ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe: mtengo wakupita patsogolo ndi chiyani?
Deta yayikulu ku US imatengedwanso mozama ndipo imakhulupirira kuthekera kwake kwa chitukuko cha zachuma. Ngakhale pansi pa Obama, boma lidakhazikitsa mapulogalamu asanu ndi limodzi akuluakulu a data okwana $200 miliyoni.
Komabe, ndi kutetezedwa kwa deta yayikulu komanso yaumwini, zonse sizophweka pano. Kusintha kunali zochitika za September 11, 2011. Zimakhulupirira kuti ndi pamene boma linapereka mautumiki apadera ndi mwayi wopanda malire wa deta yaumwini wa nzika zake.
Mu 2007, Lamulo Lolimbana ndi Uchigawenga linakhazikitsidwa. Ndipo kuyambira chaka chomwechi, PRISM idawonekera pa FBI ndi CIA - imodzi mwamautumiki apamwamba kwambiri omwe amasonkhanitsa zidziwitso za anthu onse ogwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, komanso Microsoft, Google, Apple, Yahoo services, ngakhale foni. zolemba. Zinali za maziko awa pomwe Edward Snowden, yemwe adagwirapo ntchito m'gulu la polojekitiyi, adalankhula.
Kuphatikiza pa zokambirana ndi mauthenga mumacheza, maimelo, pulogalamuyi imasonkhanitsa ndikusunga deta ya geolocation, mbiri ya osatsegula. Deta yotereyi ku US imatetezedwa pang'ono kusiyana ndi deta yaumwini. Deta yonseyi imasonkhanitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zimphona zofanana za IT kuchokera ku Silicon Valley.
Pa nthawi yomweyi, palibenso phukusi limodzi la malamulo ndi miyeso yoyendetsera kugwiritsa ntchito deta yaikulu. Chilichonse chimadalira pazinsinsi za kampani iliyonse komanso udindo woteteza deta ndi kubisa ogwiritsa ntchito. Kuonjezera apo, dziko lililonse lili ndi malamulo ndi malamulo ake pankhaniyi.
Mayiko ena akuyesabe kuteteza zidziwitso za nzika zawo, makamaka kumakampani. California ili ndi lamulo lovuta kwambiri loteteza deta m'dzikoli kuyambira 2020. Malingana ndi izo, ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ali ndi ufulu wodziwa zomwe makampani amasonkhanitsa za iwo, momwe amagwiritsira ntchito komanso chifukwa chake. Wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense atha kupempha kuti achotsedwe kapena kuti zosonkhanitsira ziletsedwe. Chaka chimodzi m'mbuyomo, idaletsanso kugwiritsa ntchito kuzindikira nkhope muntchito ya apolisi ndi mautumiki apadera.
Deta anonymization ndi chida chodziwika bwino chomwe makampani aku America amagwiritsa ntchito: data ikadziwika, ndipo ndizosatheka kuzindikira munthu wina wake. Komabe, izi zimatsegula mwayi waukulu kwa makampani kusonkhanitsa, kusanthula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito deta pazolinga zamalonda. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zofunikira zachinsinsi sizikugwiranso ntchito kwa iwo. Deta yotereyi imagulitsidwa mwaufulu kudzera kusinthanitsa kwapadera ndi ogulitsa payekha.
Pokankhira malamulo kuti ateteze kusonkhanitsa ndi kugulitsa deta ku federal level, America ikhoza kukumana ndi zovuta zamakono zomwe, makamaka, zimatikhudza tonsefe. Ndiye, mutha kuzimitsa kutsatira malo pafoni yanu ndi mapulogalamu, nanga bwanji masatilaiti omwe amawulutsa izi? Tsopano pali pafupifupi 800 mwa iwo mu orbit, ndipo sizingatheke kuzimitsa: motere tidzasiyidwa opanda intaneti, mauthenga ndi deta yofunika - kuphatikizapo zithunzi za mkuntho ndi mphepo yamkuntho.
Ku China, Cyber Security Law yakhala ikugwira ntchito kuyambira 2017. Ilo, kumbali imodzi, limaletsa makampani a pa Intaneti kuti asatengere ndi kugulitsa zambiri za ogwiritsa ntchito chilolezo chawo. Mu 2018, adatulutsanso ndondomeko yoteteza deta yaumwini, yomwe imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwapafupi kwambiri ndi European GDPR. Komabe, ndondomekoyi ndi malamulo chabe, osati lamulo, ndipo salola nzika kuteteza ufulu wawo kukhoti.
Kumbali ina, lamulo limafuna kuti oyendetsa mafoni, opereka chithandizo cha intaneti ndi mabizinesi anzeru kuti asunge gawo la data mkati mwa dziko ndikusamutsira kwa akuluakulu akapempha. Chinachake chofanana m'dziko lathu chimapereka zomwe zimatchedwa "Spring Law". Nthawi yomweyo, oyang'anira oyang'anira ali ndi mwayi wodziwa zambiri zaumwini: mafoni, makalata, macheza, mbiri ya osatsegula, geolocation.
Pazonse, pali malamulo ndi malamulo opitilira 200 ku China okhudzana ndi chitetezo chazidziwitso zamunthu. Kuyambira 2019, mapulogalamu onse odziwika a foni yam'manja adawunikidwa ndikutsekeredwa ngati atola zambiri za ogwiritsa ntchito mophwanya lamulo. Ntchito zomwe zimapanga chakudya cha posts kapena kuwonetsa zotsatsa kutengera zokonda za ogwiritsa nazonso zidagwera pansi. Pofuna kuchepetsa mwayi wodziwa zambiri pa intaneti momwe zingathere, dzikolo lili ndi "Golden Shield" yomwe imasefa maulendo a intaneti motsatira malamulo.
Kuyambira 2019, China yayamba kusiya makompyuta ndi mapulogalamu akunja. Kuyambira 2020, makampani aku China akuyenera kusamukira ku cloud computing, komanso kupereka malipoti atsatanetsatane okhudza momwe zida za IT zimakhudzira chitetezo cha dziko. Zonsezi motsutsana ndi nkhondo yamalonda ndi United States, yomwe yakayikira chitetezo cha zida za 5G kuchokera kwa ogulitsa aku China.
Ndondomeko yotereyi imayambitsa kukanidwa kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi. FBI inanena kuti kutumiza kwa data kudzera pa ma seva aku China sikuli kotetezeka: kutha kupezeka ndi mabungwe anzeru akumaloko. Pambuyo pake adawonetsa nkhawa komanso mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza Apple.
Bungwe loona za ufulu wachibadwidwe padziko lonse la Human Rights Watch linanena kuti dziko la China lapanga “njira yoti izitha kuyang’anira zinthu zonse pakompyuta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zofufuza pa Intaneti.” Maiko 25 omwe ali mamembala a UN amagwirizana nawo.
Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi Xinjiang, pomwe boma limayang'anira ma Uighur 13 miliyoni, omwe ndi Asilamu ochepa. Kuzindikira nkhope, kutsata mayendedwe onse, zokambirana, makalata ndi kuponderezana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Dongosolo la "ngongole ya anthu" limatsutsidwanso: pamene mwayi wopita ku mautumiki osiyanasiyana komanso ngakhale ndege zakunja zimapezeka kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chokwanira chodalirika - kuchokera ku ntchito za boma.
Palinso zitsanzo zina: pamene mayiko amavomereza malamulo ofanana omwe ayenera kuteteza ufulu waumwini ndi mpikisano momwe angathere. Koma apa, monga akunena, pali ma nuances.
Momwe European GDPR yasinthira momwe dziko limasonkhanitsira ndikusunga deta
Kuyambira 2018, European Union yatenga GDPR - General Data Protection Regulation. Imawongolera chilichonse chokhudzana ndi kusonkhanitsa, kusunga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito deta ya ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti. Lamuloli litayamba kugwira ntchito chaka chapitacho, linkaonedwa ngati njira yovuta kwambiri padziko lonse yoteteza zinsinsi za anthu pa intaneti.
Lamuloli limatchula zifukwa zisanu ndi chimodzi zazamalamulo zosonkhanitsira ndi kukonza zidziwitso kuchokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti: mwachitsanzo, chilolezo chaumwini, zofunikira pazamalamulo, ndi zokonda zake. Palinso maufulu asanu ndi atatu kwa aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kuphatikiza ufulu wodziwitsidwa za kusonkhanitsidwa kwa data, kukonza kapena kufufuta za inu nokha.
Makampani akuyenera kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga ndalama zochepa zomwe akufunikira kuti apereke ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, malo ogulitsira pa intaneti sakuyenera kukufunsani malingaliro anu andale kuti mupereke malonda.
Zonse zaumwini ziyenera kutetezedwa motetezedwa molingana ndi malamulo amtundu uliwonse wa ntchito. Komanso, zambiri zaumwini apa zikutanthauza, mwa zina, zambiri za malo, fuko, zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo, makeke osatsegula.
Chofunikira china chovuta ndikusuntha kwa data kuchokera ku ntchito ina kupita ku ina: mwachitsanzo, Facebook imatha kusamutsa zithunzi zanu kupita ku Google Photos. Si makampani onse angakwanitse njirayi.
Ngakhale GDPR idalandiridwa ku Europe, imagwira ntchito kumakampani onse omwe amagwira ntchito mkati mwa EU. GDPR imagwira ntchito kwa aliyense amene amakonza zidziwitso za nzika za EU kapena okhalamo kapena kuwapatsa katundu kapena ntchito.
Zopangidwa kuti ziteteze, kwa makampani a IT, lamuloli linasanduka zotsatira zosasangalatsa kwambiri. M'chaka choyamba chokha, European Commission inapereka chindapusa kuposa makampani 90 okwana € 56 miliyoni. Kuphatikiza apo, chindapusa chachikulu chitha kufikira € 20 miliyoni.
Mabungwe ambiri akumana ndi zoletsa zomwe zayambitsa zopinga zazikulu pakukula kwawo ku Europe. Ena mwa iwo anali Facebook, komanso British Airways ndi Marriott hotelo. Koma choyamba, lamuloli lidakhudza mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati: amayenera kusintha zinthu zawo zonse ndi njira zamkati kumayendedwe ake.
GDPR yatulutsa makampani onse: makampani azamalamulo ndi makampani ofunsira omwe amathandizira kubweretsa mapulogalamu ndi ntchito zapaintaneti mogwirizana ndi malamulo. Analogues ake anayamba kuonekera m'madera ena: South Korea, Japan, Africa, Latin America, Australia, New Zealand ndi Canada. Chikalatacho chidakhudza kwambiri malamulo a United States, dziko lathu ndi China m'derali.
Munthu atha kuganiza kuti machitidwe apadziko lonse lapansi ogwiritsira ntchito ndi kuteteza matekinoloje pazambiri zazikulu ndipo AI imakhala ndi zinthu zina monyanyira: kuyang'anira kwathunthu kapena kukakamiza makampani a IT, kusaphwanya zidziwitso zaumwini kapena kusadziteteza kwathunthu pamaso pa boma ndi mabungwe. Osati ndendende: palinso zitsanzo zabwino.
AI ndi data yayikulu pantchito ya Interpol
Bungwe la International Criminal Police Organisation - Interpol mwachidule - ndi imodzi mwazamphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mulinso mayiko 192. Imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu za bungweli ndi kusonkhanitsa nkhokwe zomwe zimathandiza mabungwe azamalamulo padziko lonse lapansi kuti apewe ndikufufuza za umbanda.
Interpol ili ndi maziko 18 apadziko lonse lapansi: za zigawenga, zigawenga zoopsa, zida, zojambulajambula ndi zikalata zakuba. Deta iyi imasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kumamiliyoni osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, laibulale ya digito yapadziko lonse lapansi Dial-Doc imakulolani kuti muzindikire zikalata zobedwa, ndi dongosolo la Edison - labodza.
Dongosolo lapamwamba lozindikira nkhope limagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsata mayendedwe a zigawenga ndi okayikira. Zimaphatikizidwa ndi nkhokwe zomwe zimasunga zithunzi ndi zidziwitso zina zaumwini kuchokera kumayiko oposa 160. Zimaphatikizidwa ndi ntchito yapadera ya biometric yomwe imafanizira mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a nkhope kuti machesiwo akhale olondola momwe angathere.
Dongosolo lozindikiritsa limazindikiranso zinthu zina zomwe zimasintha nkhope ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzizindikira: kuyatsa, kukalamba, kupanga ndi kupanga, opaleshoni yapulasitiki, zotsatira za uchidakwa komanso kuledzera kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuti mupewe zolakwika, zotsatira zakusaka pamakina zimafufuzidwa pamanja.
Dongosololi linayambitsidwa mu 2016, ndipo tsopano Interpol ikugwira ntchito molimbika kuti isinthe. International Identification Symposium imachitika zaka ziwiri zilizonse, ndipo gulu logwira ntchito la Face Expert limasinthana zochitika pakati pa mayiko kawiri pachaka. Chitukuko china chodalirika ndi makina ozindikira mawu.
United Nations International Research Institute (UNICRI) ndi Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotic ndi omwe ali ndi udindo paukadaulo waposachedwa pankhani yachitetezo chapadziko lonse lapansi. Singapore yakhazikitsa likulu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi la Interpol. Zina mwa zomwe adachita ndi robot ya apolisi yomwe imathandiza anthu m'misewu, komanso AI ndi matekinoloje akuluakulu a deta omwe amathandiza kulosera ndikuletsa umbanda.
Momwenso deta yayikulu imagwiritsidwa ntchito pantchito zaboma:
NADRA (Pakistan) - nkhokwe yazidziwitso zambiri za nzika, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira anthu, misonkho ndi malire.
Bungwe la Social Security Administration (SSA) ku US likugwiritsa ntchito deta yayikulu kukonza molondola zonena za olumala ndikuchepetsa anthu achinyengo.
Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ku United States imagwiritsa ntchito makina ozindikiritsa malemba kuti azitha kuyang'anira zikalata zoyendetsera ntchito ndikuwona kusintha kwake.
FluView ndi njira yaku America yotsata ndikuwongolera miliri ya chimfine.
Ndipotu, deta yaikulu ndi luntha lochita kupanga zimatithandiza m'madera ambiri. Amamangidwa pa ntchito zapaintaneti monga zomwe zimakudziwitsani za kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kapena kuchuluka kwa anthu. Mothandizidwa ndi deta yayikulu ndi AI muzamankhwala, amachita kafukufuku, kupanga mankhwala ndi njira zamankhwala. Amathandizira kukonza malo amtawuni ndi zoyendera kuti aliyense akhale womasuka. Padziko lonse lapansi, amathandizira kukulitsa chuma, ntchito zamakhalidwe ndi luso laukadaulo.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake funso la momwe deta yayikulu imasonkhanitsira ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso ma algorithms a AI omwe amagwira nawo ntchito, ndikofunikira kwambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zolemba zofunika kwambiri zapadziko lonse zomwe zimayang'anira derali zidalandiridwa posachedwa - mu 2018-19. Palibe njira yothetsera vuto lalikulu lomwe limakhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito deta yaikulu pofuna chitetezo. Pamene, kumbali imodzi, kuwonekera kwa zigamulo zonse za khoti ndi zochita zofufuzira, komanso, kutetezedwa kwa deta yaumwini ndi chidziwitso chilichonse chomwe chingavulaze munthu ngati chifalitsidwa. Choncho, dziko lililonse (kapena bungwe la mayiko) limadzipangira lokha nkhaniyi mwa njira yakeyake. Ndipo kusankha kumeneku, nthawi zambiri, kumatsimikizira ndale zonse ndi zachuma pazaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi.
Lembetsani ku njira ya Trends Telegraph ndikukhala ndi chidziwitso pazomwe zikuchitika komanso zolosera zamtsogolo zaukadaulo, zachuma, maphunziro ndi luso.