Kutulutsa

Ma disaccharides (disaccharides, oligosaccharides) ndi gulu lazakudya, mamolekyu omwe amakhala ndi mashuga awiri osavuta ophatikizidwa mu molekyulu imodzi ndi chomangira cha glycosidic cha kasinthidwe kosiyana. Njira yodziwika bwino ya ma disaccharides imatha kuimiridwa ngati C₁₂Н₂₂О₁₁.

Kutengera kapangidwe ka mamolekyu ndi mankhwala awo, ma disaccharides ochepetsa komanso osachepetsa amasiyanitsidwa. Kuchepetsa ma disaccharides kumaphatikizapo lactose, maltose, ndi cellobiose; ma disaccharides osachepetsa akuphatikizapo sucrose ndi trehalose.

Chemical katundu

Disugar ndi zinthu zolimba zamakristali. Makhiristo azinthu zosiyanasiyana amapangidwa kuchokera ku zoyera mpaka zofiirira. Amasungunuka bwino m'madzi ndi mowa, amakhala ndi kukoma kokoma.

Panthawi ya hydrolysis, zomangira za glycosidic zimasweka, chifukwa chake ma disaccharides amasweka kukhala mashuga awiri osavuta. M'malo mosinthana ndi hydrolysis, condensation imaphatikiza ma molekyulu angapo a disaccharides kukhala ma carbohydrate ovuta - ma polysaccharides.

Lactose - shuga mkaka

Mawu akuti "lactose" amamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini kuti "shuga wamkaka". Chakudya chimenechi chimatchedwa choncho chifukwa chimapezeka muzambiri zamkaka. Lactose ndi polima wopangidwa ndi mamolekyu awiri a monosaccharides - shuga ndi galactose. Mosiyana ndi ma disaccharides ena, lactose si hygroscopic. Pezani chakudya ichi kuchokera ku whey.

Zambiri za ntchito

Lactose imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani opanga mankhwala. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa hygroscopicity, imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala opangidwa ndi shuga osavuta a hydrolysable. Zakudya zina, zomwe zimakhala ndi hygroscopic, zimakhala zonyowa msanga ndipo mankhwala omwe ali mkati mwake amawola msanga.

Shuga wamkaka m'ma laboratories opangira mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zopatsa thanzi pokulitsa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana za mabakiteriya ndi bowa, mwachitsanzo, kupanga penicillin.

Lactose yopangidwa ndi mankhwala kuti apange lactulose. Lactulose ndi biological probiotic kuti normalizes m`mimba motility ngati kudzimbidwa, dysbacteriosis ndi mavuto ena m'mimba.

Zida Zothandiza

Shuga wamkaka ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chokhala ndi thanzi komanso pulasitiki, chofunikira kwambiri pakukula bwino kwa zamoyo zomwe zikukula za zoyamwitsa, kuphatikiza mwana. Lactose ndi gawo lazakudya zopanga mabakiteriya a lactic acid m'matumbo, omwe amalepheretsa kukula kwa njira zowola mmenemo.

Pazinthu zopindulitsa za lactose, zitha kudziwika kuti, ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri, sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mafuta komanso sizimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'magazi.

Zotheka kuvulaza

Lactose sichivulaza thupi la munthu. Chokhacho chotsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okhala ndi shuga wa mkaka ndi kusagwirizana kwa lactose, komwe kumachitika mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la lactase enzyme, yomwe imaphwanya shuga wa mkaka kukhala chakudya chosavuta. Kusalolera kwa Lactose ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuyamwa kwa mkaka ndi anthu, nthawi zambiri akuluakulu. Pathology iyi imawonekera mu mawonekedwe azizindikiro monga:

• nseru ndi kusanza;
• kutsegula m'mimba;
• kuphulika;
• colic;
• kuyabwa ndi zotupa pakhungu;
• matupi awo sagwirizana rhinitis;
• kudzikuza

Kusalolera kwa Lactose nthawi zambiri kumakhudza thupi, ndipo kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwa lactase chifukwa cha ukalamba.

Maltose - shuga wa malt

Maltose, yomwe imakhala ndi zotsalira ziwiri za glucose, ndi disaccharide yopangidwa ndi chimanga kuti imange minyewa ya miluza yawo. Maltose wocheperako amapezeka mungu ndi timadzi tokoma tamaluwa, komanso mu tomato. Shuga wa malt amapangidwanso ndi maselo ena a bakiteriya.

Mu nyama ndi anthu, maltose amapangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa polysaccharides - wowuma ndi glycogen - mothandizidwa ndi enzyme maltase.

Udindo waukulu wachilengedwe wa maltose ndikupatsa thupi mphamvu.

Zotheka kuvulaza

Zinthu zovulaza zimawonetsedwa ndi maltose mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la chibadwa la maltase. Zotsatira zake, m'matumbo a munthu, mukamadya zakudya zomwe zili ndi maltose, wowuma kapena glycogen, zinthu zopanda oxidized zimadziunjikira, zomwe zimayambitsa kutsekula m'mimba kwambiri. Kupatula zakudya izi pazakudya kapena kutenga ma enzymes ndi maltase kumathandizira kukulitsa kusalolera kwa maltose.

Sucrose - shuga wa nzimbe

Shuga, womwe umapezeka muzakudya zathu zatsiku ndi tsiku, zonse mu mawonekedwe ake oyera komanso ngati gawo lazakudya zosiyanasiyana, ndi sucrose. Zimapangidwa ndi zotsalira za fructose ndi glucose.

M'chilengedwe, sucrose imapezeka mu zipatso zosiyanasiyana: zipatso, zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, komanso nzimbe, komwe idakumbidwa koyamba. Kuwonongeka kwa sucrose kumayambira mkamwa ndikuthera m'matumbo. Mothandizidwa ndi alpha-glucosidase, shuga wa nzimbe amaphwanyidwa kukhala shuga ndi fructose, zomwe zimalowetsedwa mwachangu m'magazi.

Zida Zothandiza

Ubwino wa sucrose ndiwowonekera. Monga disaccharide yodziwika bwino m'chilengedwe, sucrose imakhala ngati gwero lamphamvu mthupi. Kukhutitsa magazi ndi glucose ndi fructose, shuga wa nzimbe:

• imatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwabwino kwa ubongo - wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu;
• ndi gwero la mphamvu ya kukangana kwa minofu;
• kumawonjezera mphamvu ya thupi;
• kumapangitsa kaphatikizidwe ka serotonin, chifukwa chake imathandizira kukhumudwa, kukhala chinthu chodetsa nkhawa;
• amatenga nawo gawo pakupanga njira (osati kokha) nkhokwe zamafuta;
• amatenga nawo mbali mu metabolism ya carbohydrate;
• imathandizira ntchito yochotsa poizoni m'chiwindi.

Ntchito zopindulitsa za sucrose zimawonekera pokhapokha zitagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono. Zimatengedwa kuti ndi zabwino kudya 30-50 g shuga wa nzimbe muzakudya, zakumwa kapena mawonekedwe ake oyera.

Kuvulaza mukachitiridwa nkhanza

Kupitilira kudya tsiku lililonse kumadzaza ndi kuwonekera kwa zinthu zoyipa za sucrose: +

• matenda a endocrine (shuga, kunenepa kwambiri);
• kuwonongeka kwa enamel ya dzino ndi ma pathologies amtundu wa minofu ndi mafupa chifukwa cha kuphwanya kagayidwe ka mineral;
• khungu lofooka, misomali yopunduka ndi tsitsi;
• kuwonongeka kwa khungu (zidzolo, ziphuphu zakumaso);
• kupondereza chitetezo chokwanira (yogwira immunosuppressant);
• kuchepetsa ntchito ya enzyme;
• kuchuluka acidity wa madzi chapamimba;
• kuphwanya impso;
• hypercholesterolemia ndi triglyceridemia;
• kufulumizitsa ukalamba.

Popeza mavitamini a B amatenga nawo gawo pakuyamwa kwa zinthu zowononga sucrose (shuga, fructose), kumwa kwambiri zakudya zotsekemera kumadzaza ndi kusowa kwa mavitaminiwa. Kusowa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa mavitamini a B ndikowopsa ndi kusokonezeka kwamtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi, ma pathologies a neuropsychic.

Kwa ana, chilakolako cha maswiti chimayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito zawo mpaka kukula kwa matenda a hyperactivity, neurosis, irritability.

Cellobiose disaccharide

Cellobiose ndi disaccharide yokhala ndi mamolekyu awiri a glucose. Amapangidwa ndi zomera ndi maselo ena a bakiteriya. Cellobiosis ilibe phindu lachilengedwe kwa anthu: m'thupi la munthu, chinthu ichi sichimawonongeka, koma ndi ballast pawiri. Muzomera, cellobiose imagwira ntchito yomanga, chifukwa ndi gawo la molekyulu ya cellulose.

Trehalose - bowa shuga

Trehalose imapangidwa ndi mamolekyu awiri a glucose. Zomwe zili mu bowa zapamwamba (motero dzina lake lachiwiri - mycosis), algae, lichens, mphutsi ndi tizilombo. Amakhulupirira kuti kudzikundikira kwa trehalose ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma cell asamavutike kuti awonongeke. Sichimalowetsedwa m'thupi la munthu, komabe, kudya kwambiri m'magazi kungayambitse kuledzera.

Ma disaccharides amafalitsidwa kwambiri m'chilengedwe - mu minofu ndi maselo a zomera, bowa, nyama, mabakiteriya. Iwo akuphatikizidwa mu dongosolo la zovuta zovuta za ma molekyulu, ndipo zimapezekanso mu ufulu waulere. Ena a iwo (lactose, sucrose) ndi gawo lamphamvu lazamoyo, ena (cellobiose) amagwira ntchito yomanga.