Matenda ndi tizirombo bowa: kufotokoza ndi njira zopewera

Monga oimira onse a Ufumu wa nyama zakutchire, bowa satetezedwa ku kuwonongeka ndi matenda ndi tizilombo towononga tizilombo. Zina mwa matenda oyamba ndi fungus omwe amakhudza mycelium panthawi yolima, mawanga ndi zowola zimatha kunenedwa. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a bowa ndi ntchentche, nkhupakupa, udzudzu, nematode ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makoswe.

Kulima bowa ndi njira yosangalatsa komanso yoyendetsedwa bwino. Kukolola kochuluka kumatengera zinthu zambiri. Nthawi zina wolima amalephera kukolola kwambiri. Izi zimakhudzidwa ndi abiotic ndi biotic factor. Zoyamba zikuphatikizapo monga chinyezi, kutentha, mlingo wa chinyezi mu kompositi ndi nthaka. Tizilombo zinthu monga matenda ndi tizirombo bowa. Matenda amatha kuwoneka pamlingo uliwonse wa kukula kwa bowa pakachitika zinthu zoyipa. Mwachitsanzo, pakupanga mycelium, kompositi yokhala ndi zizindikiro zoyipa imatha kuyambitsa matenda. Zinthu za biotic zitha kukhala vuto lalikulu pakukulitsa bowa, chifukwa matenda omwe amayambitsa ndi ofanana ndi zizindikiro zawo. Ndipotu, kuchiza matendawa, m'pofunika kuthetsa chifukwa chake, chomwe chimakhala chovuta kudziwa chifukwa cha kufanana kwa zizindikiro.

Mutha kupeza mayina ndi mafotokozedwe a matenda a fungal, komanso njira zothana nawo m'nkhaniyi.

Zizindikiro za matenda a bowa

Ambiri biotic zizindikiro za matenda mafangasi ndi parasitic bowa ndi antagonists, mavairasi, mabakiteriya ndi tizirombo (nematodes, nthata, ntchentche). Kuti mukhazikitse matendawa, mudzafunika zipangizo zosavuta kwambiri monga ma binocular, galasi lokulitsa, ndi zina zotero. Ngati mukukayikira kuti muli ndi matenda, muyenera kutumiza zitsanzo ku labotale kuti mufufuze.

Bowa wa parasitic, pamikhalidwe yabwino, amatha kuwononga kwambiri bowa wakula. Parasitic bowa amasiyanitsidwa ndi zinthu zingapo. Chofunikira kwambiri mwa iwo ndi kapangidwe ka spore. Ambiri mwa bowawa samakhudza mycelium, koma matupi a fruiting. Mwamsanga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayamba kuwononga kwambiri bowa. Iwo akhoza kungopondereza kukula kwawo kapena kuwawonongeratu.

Zotsatira za antagonist bowa pa bowa wolimidwa sizimamveka bwino. Nthawi zambiri amawonekera chifukwa cha kompositi yokonzedwa bwino. Mitundu ina ya bowa wotere imakula ndikukula pamodzi ndi mycelium ya bowa wolimidwa, ndikuchotsa zakudya zawo. Otsutsa ena amawonekera pambuyo pa kukula kwa mycelium ndipo amakhumudwitsa mbali zonse za mycelium, kuchedwetsa kukula kwake ndi kukula kwake. Mulimonsemo, amachepetsa zokolola. Antagonist bowa amatha kuwoneka mu kompositi kapena panthaka ndi mycelium kapena spores. Amatchulidwanso kuti nkhungu ya pulasitala, nkhungu ya lipstick, nkhungu ya azitona.

Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga bowa sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamitundu ina. Apo ayi, spores akhoza kusamutsidwa kuchokera ku dothi kupita ku gawo lapansi.

Bowa wa namsongole umathanso kumera limodzi ndi amene walimidwa. Mwachitsanzo, bowa wa inki nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu bowa. Imakula pamene gawo lapansi lili ndi madzi ndipo ammonia yaulere ilipo mmenemo.

Bowa wa inki ukhoza kusonkhanitsidwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndikuwonongeka kuti asadetse matumba. Patapita nthawi, amasiya kuonekera. Koma zokolola za bowa wolimidwa zikuchepa chifukwa bowa wa inki wagwiritsa ntchito zakudya zawo zina.

Kachikumbu ndi bowa wa oyster wampikisano. Imadya zakudya zawo, potero kuchepetsa zokolola. Iyenera kuchotsedwa m'munda ndikuwonongeka. Pofuna kupewa kupezeka kwake, simungathe kudyetsa zomera pafupi ndi mabedi ndi bowa wa oyisitara.

Mabakiteriya amagwira ntchito ziwiri pakulima bowa. Mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya ndiyofunikira pakukula bwino kwa mycelium, kwa gawo lapansi; ena, m'malo mwake, amayambitsa matenda oopsa. Chimodzi mwa matenda odziwika kwambiri komanso oopsa a bowa omwe amalimidwa amayamba chifukwa cha bacillus. Mabakiteriya ali mu mycelium ndipo samakhudza kukula kwake. Koma amalepheretsa kukula kwa matupi a fruiting, chifukwa cha kupunduka kwawo.

Matenda pa kulima bowa

pulasitala wa bulauni chifukwa cha bowa wa brown nkhungu. Nthawi zambiri zimakhudza champignons. Amapezeka pamaso pa ammonia yaulere mu gawo laiwisi kapena losapsa. Komanso, zifukwa maonekedwe ake chiwonjezeke chinyezi cha mpweya ndi gawo lapansi ndi osakwanira mpweya wabwino. Woyambitsa matendawa amadya zakudya zofanana ndi bowa, chifukwa chake amatchedwanso bowa wothandizana naye. Mawanga oyera amitundu yosiyanasiyana amawonekera pansanjika ya zokutira kapena pamwamba pa gawo lapansi. Ngati mycelium yatikita ndi zala, ndiye kuti fungo lokoma limamveka. Patapita nthawi, mawanga amayamba mdima kuchokera pakati. Choncho mkangano ukuyamba. Spores ndi bulauni-khofi mu mtundu. White mawanga pang'onopang'ono kutha, ndi spores kukhala wosaoneka.

Kupewa matendawa, m`pofunika bwino manyowa ndi pasteurize gawo lapansi. Chipindacho chiyenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino nthawi zonse, ndipo gawo lapansi liyenera kupukutidwa ndi gypsum.

matenda a truffle amawonedwa nthawi zambiri mu champignon ziwiri-ringed ndipo amayamba ndi Diehliomyces microsporias (Diehl ndi Mwanawankhosa.) Gil. Truffle wabodza amakhala m'nthaka. Imalowa mu gawo lapansi panthawi ya composting pansi. Zimayamba kukula mofulumira kwambiri pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa gawo lapansi. The mycelium wa truffle zabodza siziwoneka poyamba. Zimalepheretsa bowa mycelium, fruiting yomwe imachepetsedwa kwambiri. Pang'onopang'ono, mycelium ya bowa wolimidwa imafa kwathunthu ndipo gawo lapansi limakhala lowoneka bwino, ndizotheka kale kuwona ulusi wandiweyani wa mycelium - rhizomorphs. Patapita nthawi, matupi ang'onoang'ono a fungal amapangidwa pa iwo, ofanana ndi ubongo wa mwana wa ng'ombe. Awa ndi matupi a fruiting a bowa. Amakhala oyera mwachikasu. Kenako amadetsedwa ndikuzimiririka, pomwe amasweka kukhala spores zomwe zimawononga gawo lapansi latsopano. Ma spores ndi othandiza kwambiri. Iwo akhoza kupirira kutentha mankhwala a gawo lapansi.

Pofuna kupewa matenda a fungal, musati manyowa pansi pa dothi. Mu milu, kutentha kuyenera kukhala kokwera momwe kungathekere. Magawo a kompositi ayenera kusakanikirana. Pambuyo kudula, kolala iyenera kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi 1% yankho la mkuwa sulphate. Chivundikirocho chiyenera kuthandizidwa ndi thermally. Gawo laling'ono loipitsidwa liyenera kunyamulidwa nthawi zonse lisanatayidwe kutayirapo. Izi zidzathandiza kupewa kusamutsidwa kwa spores kuchokera kuzinthu zozungulira.

Kuwona mabakiteriya kuwoneka ngati mawanga akuda pa mycelium. Chifukwa cha matendawa ndi mabakiteriya omwe amakula mu gawo lapansi lamadzi. Zitha kuwonekeranso ngati gawo lapansi lakhala likudwala kosakwanira kapena kolakwika kwa kutentha, kapena ngati kutentha sikunawonedwe panthawi ya kulowetsedwa kwa gawo lapansi. Pofuna kupewa matenda a fungal mycelium, malamulo onse okhazikitsidwa ayenera kuwonedwa mosamalitsa pazigawo zonse za ntchito ndi microclimate yofunikira iyenera kusungidwa.

Gawo lapansili nthawi zina limakhudzidwa ndi trichoderma. Zotsatira za matendawa ndi zilumba zobiriwira nkhungu pa izo, zomwe zimachepetsa zokolola. Gawo lapansi lomwe lili ndi kachilombo liyenera kuwonongedwa nthawi yomweyo. Pofuna kupewa matendawa, m'pofunika kuyika gawo lapansi ku chithandizo cha kutentha kwambiri. Zimadziwikanso kuti gawo lapansi losankhidwa silimawonekera ku matenda ndi matendawa.

Nthawi zina bowa amamera ndi chipewa chaching'ono pa tsinde lalitali lalitali. Pofuna kukonza izi, m'pofunika kuwonjezera mpweya wabwino m'chipindacho. Izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito chofanizira wamba kapena kupanga chowuzira ndi ma nozzles kuchokera muthumba lapulasitiki.

Pofuna kupewa matenda ndi mabakiteriya, m'pofunika kupopera zipinda zonse 2-2% bleach solution 4 pa chaka. Kenako ayenera kutsekedwa 2 masiku. Ndiye mpweya wabwino komanso 2 masiku. Kawiri pachaka, makoma onse ayenera kupakidwa laimu ndi 1% bleach solution. Zotsalira zonse za gawo lapansi ziyenera kuchotsedwa mosamala.

dzimbiri mawanga amawoneka ngati mawanga odziwika bwino a dzimbiri. Iwo amadetsedwa pakapita nthawi. Mabakiteriya a matenda a fungal awa amawonekera pa chinyezi chachikulu. Matendawa amatha kuphimba munda wonse nthawi imodzi. Pofuna kupewa matenda, mankhwala aliwonse okhala ndi chlorine ayenera kuwonjezeredwa m'madzi kuti azithirira.

Bowa aliyense wolimidwa amakhala ndi ma virus kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati ma virus. Zimabwera mosiyanasiyana komanso mosiyanasiyana. Pakali pano, zotsatira zenizeni za mavairasi pa chitukuko cha bowa wolimidwa sichidziwika. Chokhacho chomwe chinganenedwe motsimikiza ndichakuti ma virus onse ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono timayambitsa kuchepa kapena kutayika kwa zokolola, ku zovuta zosiyanasiyana pakukula kwa matupi a fruiting omwe amayambitsa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a bowa (kutsegula koyambirira kwa bowa). kapu, miyendo yayitali kwambiri).

Kuwola koyera - imodzi mwa matenda ofala kwambiri a bowa wolimidwa. Ikhoza kuwononga munda wonsewo. The causative wothandizila wa matenda mafangasi ali mu casing nthaka. Iyenera kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tipewe matenda. Bowa wokhudzidwa ayenera kuchotsedwa ndikuwotchedwa. Mizere iyenera kuthiriridwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ta chlorine.

Youma zowola Komanso nthawi zambiri matenda bowa nakulitsa. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ake timakhala m'nthaka. Zimakhudza bowa wolimidwa - mawanga a bulauni amawonekera pa iwo. Miyendo ya bowa yomwe yakhudzidwa imakhala yokhuthala, mu bowa akale amasweka. Bowa wotere ayenera kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo ndikuwonongedwa. Pofuna kupewa matendawa, m'pofunika kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Zizindikiro zazikulu za matenda oyamba ndi fungus zikuwonetsedwa pazithunzi izi:

Tizilombo ta bowa wolimidwa

Tizirombo ta bowa wolimidwa ndi bowa ntchentche, nthata, udzudzu, nematodes, makoswe ngati mbewa.

bowa ntchentche nthawi zambiri zimakhudza bowa wolimidwa ndikuwononga mycelium ndi matupi a fruiting, omwe, nawonso, amakhala ndi matenda a bakiteriya. Ntchentche zimabwera zokha, zimakopeka ndi fungo la bowa. Akhozanso kubweretsedwa pamodzi ndi gawo lapansi. Ntchentche zambiri zimawononga bowa m'nyengo yofunda, pamene kutentha kwa mpweya kuli pamwamba pa 17 ° C.

Ntchentche za bowa zimakula kwambiri panthawi ya kukula ndi kusasitsa kwa mycelium. Panthawi imeneyi, gawo lapansi lili m'chipinda. Nthawi zambiri imasungidwa kwa masabata 5-6, ndipo mphutsi zimasanduka ntchentche zazikulu zouluka mkati mwa masiku 24-38 pa kutentha kwa 20-30 °C. Nthawi imeneyi ndi yabwino kwa chitukuko cha tizirombo ndi zizindikiro zake zabwino, monga kutentha ndi chinyezi.

Zizindikiro zoyamba za mphutsi za tizirombo toyambitsa matendawa ndi mawanga akuda pafupi ndi kuphulika kwa chipika cha fungal.

Kuopsa kumawonjezeka ngati zinthu za mibadwo yosiyana zimasungidwa m'chipindamo (ntchentche ndi udzudzu umene uli mu chipika chakale umayambitsa zatsopano). Tizilombo kulowa m'mabowo polyethylene ndi kuikira mazira. Mphutsi zomwe zimatuluka mwa izo zimawononga mycelium, yomwe imagwidwa ndi nkhungu ndi mabakiteriya.

Njira zazikulu zothana ndi ntchentche za bowa ndizodzitetezera. Ayenera kuchitidwa musanabzala mycelium mu gawo lapansi. Zonse zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ziyenera kuchotsedwa musanayike gawo lapansi komanso posamalira bowa. Chipindacho chiyenera kutsukidwa bwino ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ngati mpweya nthawi yomweyo uli ndi nthunzi yambiri ndi mpweya woipa, ndiye kuti m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito chigoba cha gasi pamene mukugwira ntchito.

Ngati kupanga bowa kuli kwakukulu, ndiye kuti kukonzekera kwapadera kungagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi tizilombo akuluakulu. Asanayambe ntchito, chipinda chonsecho chiyenera kutsukidwa ndi mankhwala a Monofos kapena Pogos (1000 g pa 800 m). Pambuyo pake, chipindacho chiyenera kutsekedwa kwa maola angapo. Ndiye ventilate bwino ndi kubwereza ntchito patapita masiku angapo. Mankhwalawa ndi akupha kwambiri, choncho muyenera kugwira nawo ntchito mosamala kwambiri. Misampha yopepuka, matepi omata, zotsukira m'manja zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito polimbana ndi ntchentche. Amathamangitsidwanso ndi fungo lina, monga vanila.

Pa cholinga chomwecho, ndi bwino kukonzekeretsa zipinda kuti makulitsidwe ndi kulima mosiyana wina ndi mzake.

Komanso, ntchentche zapakhomo zimatha kuyika mphutsi zawo pamtunda.

Slugs amathanso kuwonekera pa gawo lapansi. Amawononga matupi a fruiting a bowa. Pofuna kuthana ndi slugs, mchere wa potaziyamu kapena superphosphate umagwiritsidwa ntchito, womwe umawaza panthaka 3-4 pachaka.

udzudzu wa bowa ndi imodzi mwa tizirombo toopsa kwambiri ku champignon ndi bowa wa oyster. Ichi ndi kachirombo kakang'ono kwambiri kutalika kwa 3 mm. Udzudzu umauluka mwachangu komanso bwino, ndikusunthira kuchipinda komwe kumanunkhira kokoma kompositi ndi mycelium. Mkazi aliyense amatha kuikira mazira 200. Patapita masiku angapo, mphutsi zimawonekera kuchokera kwa iwo, zofanana ndi mphutsi zoyera ndi mutu wakuda. Zili zazitali 4-6 mm ndipo zimatha kuwonedwa mosavuta ndi maso. Amakhala masiku 12-20. Panthawi imeneyi, mphutsi zimatha kuwononga mbewu yonse. Amadya bowa ndi mycelium. Ubwino wa mankhwalawa ukutsikanso. Kuonjezera apo, udzudzu umanyamula nkhupakupa, spores za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, nematodes.

Mphutsi zimasanduka mphutsi pang'onopang'ono, kenako patatha masiku 4-7 - kukhala akuluakulu.

Tizilombozi timakula mofulumira kwambiri ndipo timakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo amadzaza mycelium yonse. Choncho, n’kovuta kwambiri kulimbana nawo. Ndikofunikira kupewa matenda, mwachitsanzo, kuteteza kuyala koyamba kwa mazira a tizilombo mu gawo lapansi. Chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira kukhazikitsa maukonde abwino pamitseko ya mpweya wabwino. Mu chipinda palokha, m`pofunika kulenga owonjezera kuthamanga. Ming'alu zonse ziyenera kutsekedwa ndi kutsekedwa zitseko; mutha kupachikanso misampha ya guluu, gwiritsani ntchito matepi wamba polimbana ndi ntchentche. Komanso, pachifukwa ichi, wamaluwa ena amagwiritsa ntchito misampha yopepuka, ndipo kusamala kwapadera kumafunika.

Ngati zonsezi sizikugwira ntchito, ndiye kuti m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera mankhwala.

Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphera tizilombo m'zipinda pakati pa nthawi yopangira kapena kuchitira zinthu zapansi pa gawo lapansi ndi zophimba pamene mycelium ikuyamba kukula. Koma izi zichitike pasanathe masiku 25 isanayambe kukolola.

Ngati mawu ndi Mlingo wa mankhwala ophera tizirombo aphwanyidwa, ndiye kuti izi zitha kuyambitsa mawonekedwe a matupi oyipa a zipatso, kuchedwetsa kukula kwa bowa, ndikupangitsa kuti muchulukitse kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu bowa. Choncho, lamulo lofunika kwambiri la otola bowa ndiloti musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo panthawi yakupanga zipatso.

Asanayambe ntchito, zida zonse ndi nsapato ziyenera kutetezedwa ndi 50% formalin solution. Kenako iyenera kutsukidwa ndi madzi.

Madzi ogwiritsira ntchito ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachuma: osapitirira 0,2 l / m kwa kompositi, ndi zophimba zowonjezera - 1 l / m. Mmodzi mwa udzudzu wabwino kwambiri wolimbana ndi mafangasi ndikukonzekera kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kutengera Bacillus Thuringiensis. Koma mlingo wawo wogwira ntchito ndi wochepa - pafupifupi 25-30 g / m, komabe, mankhwalawa ndi otetezeka ku chilengedwe.

Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala owerengeka motsutsana ndi udzudzu wa bowa. Mabedi ayenera kuphimbidwa ndi nsonga za phwetekere, opopera mafuta a katsabola.

Kusunga dongosolo ndi ukhondo mkati ndi kuzungulira chipinda cha bowa ziyenera kutchulidwa ngati njira zodzitetezera. Muyeneranso kuchotsa nthawi zonse matupi a nyongolotsi ochokera ku mycelium.

Table "Mankhwala ovomerezeka motsutsana ndi udzudzu wa fungal pa chikhalidwe cha bowa":

ziphuphu Komanso tizilombo towononga bowa ngati talimidwa pagawo la udzu. Kukula kwake, nthata ndi zazing'ono kuposa udzudzu - pafupifupi 1 mm. Thupi lawo ndi lozungulira, lathyathyathya, lachikasu, loyera kapena lapinki. Akuluakulu amakhala ndi miyendo 4, pomwe mphutsi zimakhala ndi mapeyala atatu. Yaikazi imaikira mazira okwana 3. Nkhupakupa zimatha kuyenda mwachangu ndikukwawa pansi pa zovala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyabwa kosasangalatsa. Chongani mphutsi zimawononga mycelium, akuluakulu amasuntha m'matupi a fruiting.

Nkhupakupa zimalowa mu mycelium pamodzi ndi udzu. Amakula mwachangu m'gawo laling'ono kapena losafufumitsa bwino. Kuti muwachotse, mumangofunika kusintha udzu.

Mtundu wina wa nthata umalowa mu gawo lapansi limodzi ndi manyowa. Yaikazi imayikira mazira pafupifupi 40 mu gawo lapansi kapena pansi. Nkhupakupa imakula kwa masiku angapo mpaka mwezi umodzi. Mu bowa wokhudzidwa ndi nthata, maziko a tsinde amasanduka bulauni, chipewa chimakhala pinki.

Pofuna kupewa matenda a gawo lapansi ndi nthata, ziyenera kusungidwa kutentha kwa 59 ° C kwa maola pafupifupi 12. Nthaka yophimba iyenera kutetezedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kwa maola 8 pa kutentha kwa 60 ° C. Pakati pa mabedi a bowa, utsi ndi kukonzekera koyenera.

Ma Nematode nawonso ndi amodzi mwa tizirombo ta bowa wolimidwa. Ndi nyongolotsi zazing'ono 0,5 mm kutalika. Zida zawo zapakamwa zimafanana ndi lupanga. Pamenepo amabaya ulusi wa mycelium. Simungathe kuwawona ndi maso amaliseche. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu gawo lapansi la champignon. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nematodes: ena amayamwa zakudya zonse kuchokera ku maselo a mycelial, kuchepetsa zokolola za bowa; zinthu zina za ntchito zawo zofunika alkalize gawo lapansi, potero kuwononga khalidwe lake. Zowopsa kwambiri ndi nematodes zomwe zimadya mycelium.

Dera lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi nematodes limadziwika mosavuta. Gawo lapansi pamalo oterolo limakhala lakuda, lonyowa; Komanso, amapeza m'malo enieni fungo. Mycelium sichimakula m'derali. Malo ouma oterewa ndi chizindikiro choyamba cha nematode. Ngati alipo ambiri, ndiye kuti amapita kumalo othamanga kwambiri. Panthawi imeneyi, mizati yoyera imapangidwa pachivundikirocho. Zitha kukhala mpaka 0,5 cm wamtali ndikuyimira makumi ndi mazana a anthu. Nematodes othamanga ndi osavuta kunyamula kuchokera ku gawo lapansi ndikupita kumalo ena. Komanso, izi zimachitika ndi onse ogwira ntchito komanso tizilombo.

Pofuna kupewa izi, ndikofunikira kwambiri kusunga malamulo onse ofunikira pa nthawi yokolola. Mukamaliza kusonkhanitsa ndi musanatsitse gawo lapansi, chipindacho chiyenera kutenthedwa.

Zinthu zabwino zopangira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nematode zimapangidwira panthawi ya kupesa kwa mulu wa kompositi. Mitundu ya nematode yotsatiridwayo imalimbana ndi nyengo zambiri zachilengedwe, ngakhale kuchulukira kwa hydrogen sulfide ndi ammonia. Amangoopa kutentha kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, gawo lapansi pazolinga zodzitetezera liyenera kusokonezedwa bwino komanso kusungidwa pasteurized.

Woodlice, ma springtails amawononganso bowa wolimidwa. Iwo amaukira mycelium. Invertebrates amenewa amakhala m'nthaka ndi kulowa gawo lapansi akakumana ndi nthaka. Choncho, n'zosatheka kukonzekera gawo lapansi pansi kapena kukonza mabedi pansi.

ntchentche za ndowe ndi imodzi mwa tizirombo ta bowa wolimidwa. Mkazi wake amaikira mazira 30 mu manyowa. Mphutsi zomwe zimatuluka mwa iwo zimathera pamunda pamodzi ndi manyowa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala mamilimita angapo utali, ndi mitu yakuda. Mphutsi zimakhala zowononga kwambiri, zimadya matupi a fruiting, kukuta ndime mwa iwo. Mwamsanga, akuluakulu amabadwa kuchokera ku mphutsi, zomwe zimafalitsa matenda osiyanasiyana a bowa, komanso nkhupakupa ndi nematodes. Mitundu ina ya ntchentche imawononganso bowa. Tizilombo timeneti nthawi zambiri timathandizidwa ndi mankhwala oyenera.

Kupewa matenda a fungal

Zamoyo zonse zimadwala nthawi ina, palibe kuchotserapo. Zimadziwika kuti matenda aliwonse ndi osavuta kupewa kuposa kuchiza. Komanso bowa ndi chimodzimodzi. Onse bowa amadwala mavairasi, parasitic bowa, tizilombo zoipa.

Otsatira nthawi zambiri amanyamula matenda osiyanasiyana. Chilichonse chimagwirizana mu mycelium, choncho ndi bwino kupewa matendawa kusiyana ndi kuchiza; makamaka popeza nthawi zina sizingatheke.

Kuthana ndi tizirombo pakulima kwambiri bowa ndikovuta, chifukwa tizirombo tambiri timakhala mkati mwa gawo lapansi ndipo siziwoneka.

Lamulo lalikulu lomwe limakupatsani mwayi wopewa matenda ambiri ndikusunga miyeso yachitetezo chaukhondo mu mycelium. Tizilombo konse kupereka chikhumbo ndipo musakhululukire zolakwa pasteurization, composting njira, kuphwanya ndi ogwira ntchito malamulo aukhondo ndi microclimate kukonza zinthu. Mafamu ambiri amayambitsa dongosolo lonse la chindapusa chifukwa chophwanya malamulo aukhondo. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zogwira mtima.

Ambiri zimayambitsa ndi magwero a matenda ndi tizirombo ndi unseltered mpweya, bwino pasteurized kompositi, bwino chosawilitsidwa nthaka osakaniza, kachilombo kubzala mycelium, kusakhulupirika yotsekereza zida, kuphwanya ukhondo malamulo mycelium.

Matenda aliwonse omwe akhazikika mu mycelium nthawi yomweyo amafalikira m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Tizilombo matenda kudutsa mu spores wa bowa, mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo ndi nthata. Matenda a fungal amasamutsidwa kuchokera m'manja mwa ogwira ntchito panthawi yokolola, kuchokera ku tizilombo. Mabakiteriya amalowetsedwa mu mycelium ndi madontho a madzi pa ulimi wothirira, ndi tizilombo akuluakulu. Onse tizirombo okha amakwawa ndi kumwaza, kubisala ang'onoang'ono ming'alu mu nkhuni. Kuwatulutsa kumeneko ndi kosatheka.

Jacques Delmas, katswiri wa ku France, adapanga malamulo 10, kusungirako komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wopewa pafupifupi mavuto onse ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi mpikisano kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa bowa. Awa ndi malamulo.

Ndikofunikira kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zilizonse zokhudzana ndi bowa - izi ndi zipinda, zida, zida, mabokosi, madengu a bowa, ndi zina zambiri.

Pakukula bowa, zipinda zakutali ziyenera kusankhidwa kuti zamoyo zakunja zisalowemo. Njira zonse zolowera matenda ndi tizirombo ziyenera kutsekedwa.

Dothi lovundikirapo bowa liyenera kutsekedwa kapena kutengedwa kale losawilitsidwa. Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tosiyanasiyana titha kukhala mmenemo. Chosawilitsidwa ndi chisakanizo chomwe chathandizidwa ndi nthunzi kapena formalin. Dothi losabala limakumbidwa kuchokera pansi pa nthaka.

Zinyalala zonse ziyenera kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe, monga kompositi zinyalala, manyowa, bowa wokolola, ndi zinyalala zopangira, zisasiyidwe pafupi ndi mycelium. M'pofunikanso kusamala ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mankhwala. Ikhoza kudziwonetsera yokha mu mawonekedwe a utsi wapoizoni ndi nthunzi zomwe zimagawidwa kudzera mu mpweya wabwino.

Chipinda chimene matendawa chinachitika ayenera yomweyo olekanitsidwa ndi zonse ndi bwino disinfected.

Ndikofunikira kutsatira ukadaulo wa kompositi molondola kwambiri. Kompositi iyenera kuchitidwa pansi pa konkire. Kumbukirani kuti padziko lapansi nthawi zambiri pamakhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Kompositi iyenera kukonzedwa pokhapokha kutentha, chinyezi cha mpweya ndi mpweya. Pokhapokha, gawo lapansi lidzakhala losankha bowa, mwachitsanzo, lidzakhala loyenera kwa bowa, osati kupikisana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Pamagawo onse akukula kwa bowa, munthu ayenera kuyang'anira mwachangu momwe zinthu zilili bwino kwa microclimate.

Ntchito zonse mu mycelium ziyenera kuchitidwa molunjika kuchokera kumalo komwe bowa akuyamba kumene kukula, kwa omwe amakololedwa, ndiye kuti, kuchokera ku mbewu zazing'ono mpaka zakale. Simungathe kusunthira kwina.

Kutsatira malamulowa nthawi zonse kumayamba ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'malo. Iyenera kuchitika ngakhale mu myceliums yatsopano, isanatsegule kompositi. Ngati iyi ndi pobisalira bomba, mgodi wogwirira ntchito kapena chipinda china chokhala ndi makoma amwala, ndiye kuti pamwamba ndi denga lawo ziyeneranso kutsukidwa bwino. Ngati pansi ndi dothi, ndiye kuti wosanjikiza pamwamba ayenera kuchotsedwa. Denga lamiyala ndi makoma ayenera kupakidwa laimu. Pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera 30% yankho la mkuwa sulphate ku laimu. Kuyera ndikofunikira nthawi zonse. Ichi chidzakhala chinsinsi cha kuyeretsa, pafupifupi mpweya wosabala. M'zipinda zina, makoma ndi kudenga ziyenera kutetezedwa ndi mankhwala. Adzakambidwa pansipa.

Pofuna kuteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuchokera ku mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana ndi mavairasi, m'pofunika kufalitsa mabakiteriya a thermophilic mmenemo.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri mu mycelium ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumapeto kwa kulima ndi kusamalidwa kwa gawo lapansi logwiritsidwa ntchito. Zina zonse zidzakhala zogwira mtima ngati mikhalidwe iwiri yoyambirira yakwaniritsidwa ndendende. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizirombo tonse timaberekana pakapita nthawi. Amafunikira kuti atukuke, ndipo pokhapokha ayamba kuletsa mycelium ya bowa wobzalidwa. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mwamsanga iwo ali mu mycelium, amavulaza kwambiri. Mogwirizana ndi izi, gawo lapansi lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa ndi mmenemo kuti spores, mphutsi za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizirombo zimasungidwa. Ngati gawo lapansi lakale lichotsedwa pa machira kapena wilibala, ndiye kuti zotsalira zake, ngakhale tinthu tating'ono kwambiri, zitha kugwa mwangozi panjira. Ngati gawo lapansi lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito liwunjikiridwa pafupi ndi mycelium kapena kutengedwa pamayendedwe omwewo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pagawo latsopanoli, ndiye kuti sizingakhale zokolola zabwino.

Gawo lapansi lomwe lagwiritsidwa ntchito litha kuchotsedwa m'njira ziwiri. Poyamba, amachotsedwa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Koma ndi bwino kutenga izo momwe ndingathere kapena kugulitsa kwa eni greenhouses. Komabe, izi zisanachitike, gawo lapansi liyenera kuthiridwa ndi madzi kapena 4% formalin solution, 1% yankho la mkuwa sulfate kapena chlorinated phenol. Gawo lonyowa ndilotetezeka kuposa gawo lapansi lowuma. Njira yachiwiri, gawo lapansi liyenera kutetezedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamalopo kapena kuthandizidwa ndi thermally. Mulimonsemo, chipindacho chiyenera kuthandizidwa ndi kutentha. Pali njira ziwiri zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: powotcha ndi mankhwala. Mukawotcha, chipindacho chimathandizidwa kwa maola 12 pa kutentha kwa 70-100 ° C. Pangodya yakutali kwambiri ndi gwero la nthunzi, thermometer yamagetsi iyenera kuyikidwa pansi pa kompositi ndikuwunika momwe amawerengera. Perekani mpweya wamadzi kuchipinda. Kutentha kukakwera mpaka 70 ° C, yambani nthawi. Wotolera bowa ayenera kukhala wotetezedwa ndi thermally, ndipo wosanjikiza wotenthetsera womwewo uyenera kupezeka kuti nthunzi isagwere pamenepo. Ngati makoma amkati alibe mpweya, ayenera kuphimbidwa ndi mapepala apulasitiki. Muyeso uwu uthandiza kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Dongosolo lothandizira la nyumba liyenera kupirira kusinthasintha konse kwa kutentha. Nyumba zosakonzekera izi mwamsanga zimakhala zosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati mumaswana bowa mochulukira, ndiye kuti njira yabwino kwambiri ndiyo kuthirira bowa. Njira imeneyi ndi yotetezeka kwambiri.

Ang'onoang'ono myceliums m'munsi mwa okonzeka nyumba pa nthawi, ndi bwino kuchita mankhwala matenthedwe mankhwala. Njira yosavuta ndi iyi: ufa wa sulfure uyenera kusakanikirana ndi ammonium kapena potaziyamu nitrate mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 3, kuikidwa pazitsulo zachitsulo ndikuyatsa moto. Tsekani chipindacho mwamphamvu. Zidzakhala sulfure dioxide, yomwe idzapha tizilombo m'chipindamo. Kuchuluka kwa sulfure woipa mu nkhani iyi sayenera upambana 40 mg/m². Apo ayi, chipindacho chidzakhala chovuta kwambiri kuti chikhale chovuta. Kenako muyenera kuyiwulutsa kwa masiku osachepera 10.

Njira yodalirika ndiyo kufukiza chipindacho ndi methylene bromide. Kutsekemera kwapamwamba kwambiri kumachitika pa kutentha kwa 20-25 ° C pa mlingo wa 600 g pa ola / m1, ngati kuti chipindacho chinathandizidwa ndi 17% methyl bromide kwa maola 16. Koma mkati mwa maola 2, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala (fumigant) kumachepa ndi nthawi 2, choncho akatswiri odziwa bwino nthawi zambiri amakonzekera mlingo wawiri pasadakhale. Methylene bromide iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi XNUMX% chloropyrkine, popeza yoyambayo ilibe fungo ndipo utsi wokhetsa misozi umazindikira nthawi yomweyo kutulutsa.

Zomangamanga zamatabwa nthawi zonse zimakhala ngati malo abwino otetezera tizilombo ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, samalekerera bwino chithandizo cha nthunzi, chifukwa amasungunuka mwachangu. Ndicho chifukwa chake matabwa onse ayenera kukhala ndi parachlorophenolate kapena sodium pentachlorophenolate. Iwo sangateteze mtengowo kuti usawonongeke, komanso udzakhala ngati chopinga kwa tizilombo tonse. N'zothekanso m'malo moisten matabwa mbali ndi yankho la bulichi ndi asidi carbolic pambuyo lililonse matenthedwe mankhwala. Gawo lapansi lomwe limathandizidwa ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo ndi kusakaniza komweko.

Mukhoza kuphatikiza mankhwala nthunzi ndi mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, choyamba chitirani makoma onse, pansi, zitsulo ndi chlorophos ndi cuprosan ndiyeno nthunzi zonse kwa maola 6. Kapena kuchitira chipinda moyikirapo 40% formalin kapena chisakanizo cha mkuwa sulphate ndi laimu. Choyamba, makoma, pansi ndi denga ziyenera kutsukidwa ndi yankho la 1% la alkali chloride. Kenako fumigate chipinda ndi formaldehyde. Pamamita lalikulu 100, muyenera kutenga malita 2 a 40% formalin ndi 400 g wa bulichi. Ikani bulitchi muzitsulo zotseguka za enameled kapena zadothi. Konzani mbale ndi laimu pansi kudera lonse la u2bu4bthe chipinda, kuwonjezera formaldehyde. Mpweya wa formaldehyde udzapezeka, womwe udzaphimba chipinda chonsecho. Thirani formaldehyde molunjika kuchokera mkati mwa chipinda mpaka potuluka. Njira yonseyi iyenera kuchitidwa mofulumira kwambiri. Kenako mutseke zitseko kwa masiku XNUMX. Kenako tsegulani mpweya mchipindacho kwa masiku XNUMX.

Mukhoza kupopera ndi 4% bulichi solution. Chifukwa chiyani kuchepetsa mlingo woyenera wa laimu mu madzi ochepa. Izi zimachitidwa bwino mu mbale yamatabwa. Kenaka yikani madzi kuti mupeze yankho la ndende yofunikira, ndikusiya kuti mulowetse kwa maola awiri. Utsi chipinda ndi yankho. Kenako mutseke kwa masiku awiri. Izi ziyenera kuchitika masiku 2 isanayambike gawo lapansi. Chlorine yonse iyenera kusungunuka.

Formalin imatha kupoperanso pamalopo. Pa malita 10 a madzi, tengani malita 0,25 a 40% formalin. Pamamita 100 a chipindacho, malita 20 a yankho adzafunika. Chipindacho chiyenera kupopera bwino ndikutsekedwa mwamphamvu kwa masiku awiri. Ndiye ventilate.

Formalin ndi chida chofunikira pakukulitsa bowa. Koma sizimateteza ku tizilombo towononga ndipo nthawi zonse siziwononga spores za fungal.

Gwero la matenda ndi nthawi zambiri fumbi ndi spores. Pakhomo lililonse, muyenera kuyika mphasa yonyowa yoviikidwa mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Aliyense wolowa m’chipindamo apondapo. Kuphatikiza apo, m'mawa uliwonse, ndime zonse ziyenera kuthiriridwa ndi 2% formalin solution. Zida zonse ziyenera kuviikidwa mu njira yomweyo.

Pokolola, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito madengu atsopano nthawi zonse. Osatenga mabokosi. Ngati madengu akale atengedwa, ndiye kuti ayenera kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu njira ya bulichi. Ngati bowa wakula m'matumba apulasitiki, ndiye kuti safunikira kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chifukwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha. Mabokosi amatabwa amafunika kutsukidwa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pakatha kukolola. Zotsirizirazi ziyenera kuchitika nthawi zambiri ndi nthunzi kwa maola 1, kapena chifukwa cha izi, zinthu zonse ziyenera kumizidwa mu njira imodzi ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mwachitsanzo sodium pentachlorophenolate. Pachizindikiro choyamba cha maonekedwe a nematodes, muyenera kuchotsa chidebe chakale nthawi yomweyo ndikugula chatsopano.

Ndizovuta kwambiri kuteteza mycelium ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Amatha kulowa mkati ndi zida, zida, zovala, ndi dothi lophimba, kompositi, panthawi ya mpweya wabwino. Zinthu zonse zomwe zimabweretsedwa mu mycelium ziyenera kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mpweya wochokera mu mpweya wabwino uyenera kusefedwa. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuchita izi panthawi ya kukula ndi kukula kwa mycelium. Chifukwa chaichi, inu mukhoza kutenga ngati Zosefera. Ngati mpweya wambiri umayendetsedwa, ndiye kuti ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito nsalu yotchinga yamadzi, mwachitsanzo, mulole mpweya udutse pansalu ya madontho amadzi, monga mathithi.

Pali chinthu chonga "chipata cholowera matenda." Malo omwe ali pafupi ndi khomo la mycelium - ichi ndi chipata ndi matenda opatsirana a bowa - ayenera kukhala oyera. Mulu wa kompositi uyenera kukonzedwa kutali kwambiri ndi khomo. Komanso, ikapezeka, ndikofunikira kuganizira zinthu ngati mphepo. Ndi bwino kukonza kompositi mulu pa mbali leeward pakhomo. Pafupi ndi khomo la mycelium sikuyenera kukhala ndi zitsamba zobiriwira, zotayira zinyalala, chifukwa ndizomwe zimayambitsa matenda.

Magwero a mafakitale owononga mpweya, ngati alipo, ayeneranso kuganiziridwa.

Ngakhale njira zotetezera zonsezi, myceliums ambiri amatha kutenga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Pankhaniyi, muyeso wokhawo woletsa kufalikira kwa matenda udzakhala kudzipatula kwathunthu kwa malowa. Ayenera kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, osalabadira zokolola. Chifukwa chiyani nthawi zambiri amawaza ndi potaziyamu kapena mchere wamba, choko, kutsanulira formalin, kuthandizidwa ndi methylene bromide, ndiko kuti, ndizololedwa kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chilichonse champhamvu chomwe chingawononge gwero la matenda. Komanso, m'zipinda zoipitsidwa, chithandizo cha kutentha chikuchitika pasadakhale.

Njira zonse zamakono pokonzekera gawo lapansi ndi kompositi ziyenera kuwonedwa mosamalitsa. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa njira zazikulu zolimbana ndi matenda. Pa kompositi yokonzekera bwino, mycelium imakula mofulumira kwambiri ndipo imalepheretsa kukula kwa tizilombo tina. Katunduyu wa kompositi amatchedwa selectivity. Kumatanthauza kulenga zinthu za kukula kwa chamoyo china. Kusankhidwa kwa gawo lapansi kumatsimikiziridwa mosavuta - izi ndi ngati kutentha kwake ndi chinyezi zikugwirizana ndi zofunikira kuti bowa ukhale wopambana.

Ntchito zonse ziyenera kuyamba pomwe mycelium ili kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, ndikusamukira kumalo omwe kukula kumathera ndi kukolola. Ndiko komwe zamoyo za parasitic ndi mpikisano zimadziunjikira, ndipo kuthekera kolimbana nawo mu bowa, m'malo mwake, kumachepa. Zokolola ziyenera kukolola ndi kutsukidwa ndendende momwe zasonyezedwera - kuyambira bowa wamng'ono mpaka wamkulu. Mpweya uyeneranso kuwomberedwa mbali imodzi - kuchokera ku zikhalidwe zazing'ono kupita ku akale. Zoterezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa nthawi yomweyo ngakhale popanga chipinda. Mukasuntha kuchokera kudera lina kupita ku lina, pamafunika kusamba m'manja ndi sopo ndi zida zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mukakolola, musatenge bowa wodwala - ayenera kusonkhanitsidwa mosiyana ndi wathanzi.

M'pofunika kuzindikira mfundo ina. Bowa, ngakhale ali m'nyumba, nthawi zonse amamva kusintha kwa nyengo. Ndipo zochitika zapamwamba zimakhala nthawi zonse m'chilimwe. Choncho, m'pofunika kulima bowa kuti chiyambi cha kulima kwawo chisagwe m'chilimwe.

Mawu ochepa okhudza mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi njira zina. Choyamba, mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo pofuna kupewa matenda a mycelium wa bowa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mycelium pokhapokha otsika kwambiri. Zitha kuphatikizidwanso pakuphatikizidwa kwa chivundikiro chosakaniza kapena kompositi, kapena kusungunuka m'madzi ndikutsanulira pa mabedi ndi yankho ili. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayamba kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo, choncho nthawi ndi nthawi amayenera kusinthidwa ndi atsopano. Pali mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, sayansi siyimayima, ndipo mankhwala atsopano amawonekera tsiku lililonse. Koma maziko awo nthawi zonse amakhala ofanana.

Zokonzekera zolimbana ndi ma virus sizinapangidwebe, kotero kuti zobzala zabwino zokha ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. M'pofunikanso kuika fyuluta wabwino pa kotunga mpweya wabwino ndi kuchita apamwamba matenthedwe mankhwala, imene fungal spores adzafa, chifukwa ndi kudzera mwa iwo kuti mbali yaikulu ya mavairasi opatsirana.

Pali njira imodzi yothandiza kwambiri yolimbana ndi mabakiteriya: mabedi ayenera kuthiriridwa ndi 0,25% bleach solution. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, chigawo chakuda sichiyenera kupanga mu chivundikirocho. Dziwani kuti pafupifupi njira zonse zamadzimadzi zomwe zili ndi ma halogen ndi zabwino motsutsana ndi mabakiteriya.

Malathion, diazinon, dichlorvos, endosulfan ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo amathandizira kuchotsa tizirombo. Diazinon ndi prophylactic wothandizira; myceliums opanda kanthu mkati ndi kunja amathandizidwa nawo kamodzi pamwezi pakati pa kukolola. Ngati pasteurization ikuchitika pazitsulo m'zipinda, ndiye kuti chithandizo cha diazinon chiyenera kuchitidwa musanayambe pasteurization, kufesa ndi kuphika.

Dichlorvos m'zipinda amathandizidwa sabata iliyonse. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi lakuthwa kuwonjezeka chiwerengero cha tizilombo tizirombo. Mwachitsanzo, ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa ma springtails, pansi ndi makoma m'maselo ayenera kupopera mankhwala ndi 0,03% yankho la dichlorvos. Akatswiri ambiri amasintha mankhwala a 2 nthawi imodzi. Pankhaniyi, ndizovuta kuti tizirombo tizolowere. Zoonadi, panthawi ya chithandizo cha kutentha ndi pasteurization ya gawo lapansi, m'pofunika kuwononga tizilombo tonse - mu mng'alu uliwonse ndi ming'alu, kusefa mpweya.

Njira zonse zaukhondo ndizofunikira kwambiri polimbana ndi opikisana nawo mafangasi ndi majeremusi. Sikoyenera kulimbana ndi mankhwala, chifukwa fungicides amatha kuwononga mbewu. Mankhwala othandiza kwambiri a fungicides ndi benomyl. Itha kupezekanso pansi pa mayina a fundazol ndi benlat. Mankhwalawa ali ndi chinthu chomwecho, koma amapangidwa ndi makampani osiyanasiyana. Fundazol imagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitilira muyeso kuposa ma 2 othandizira ena, chifukwa imakhala yoyipa pang'ono.

Imaperekedwa pa mlingo wa 15 g/m musanadzaze kubweza pamene mukunyowetsa kusakaniza kwa zokutira. Ngati pali chiwopsezo chenicheni cha kuphulika kwa zowola zoyera kapena zowuma, nkhungu, ndiye kuti mlingo uyenera kuwonjezeka mpaka 45 g / m. Ngati matenda oyamba ndi fungus, mycelium iyenera kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwalawa pamlingo wa 1 g / m. Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito mancozeb, zineb, maneb.

Ndizovuta kwambiri kukonza zolimbana ndi nematodes ndi nkhupakupa. Amadziunjikira mu kompositi ndikudyetsa mycelium wa bowa wolimidwa. Apa, choyamba, m'pofunika pasteurize gawo lapansi bwino. Parachlorophenolate ndi pentachlorophenolate angagwiritsidwe ntchito motsutsana nematodes. Iwo impregnated zonse matabwa ndi zinthu. Angathenso kupopera m'chipindamo masiku angapo asanayambe kupanga kompositi. Mankhwalawa ndi opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zimakhalanso zosavuta kuzisintha ndi mankhwala ena opha tizilombo, monga carbolic acid. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti si mankhwala onse omwe amatha kuwola kapena kusungunuka. Ambiri amadziunjikira mu fruiting matupi a bowa. Choncho, mankhwala othandizira polimbana ndi matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala komanso mochepa. Komanso, musagwiritse ntchito njira zomwezo zomwe zimaperekedwa m'mabuku a wamaluwa ndi wamaluwa, ngakhale kukonzekera komweko kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ngati bowa watsala pang'ono kusonkhanitsa, ndiye kuti mankhwala olimbana ndi tizirombo ndi matenda sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Apa mutha kugwiritsa ntchito infusions wa zitsamba. Iwo ali otetezeka poyerekeza ndi mankhwala. Komanso, ngati amapopera bowa, ndiye mwamsanga pambuyo pake mukhoza kutenga ndikudya. Zoonadi, kuthira mankhwala azitsamba kumakhala kochepa kwambiri ndipo sikuthetsa vutolo monga momwe mankhwala amachitira. Koma zingakhalenso zogwira mtima. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti palibe deta yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito ma infusions oterowo kulikonse, choncho ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala, chifukwa angayambitse kusintha kwa kukoma, mtundu ndi fungo la bowa.

Garlic sprayer amathamangitsa tizilombo ndi matenda a mafangasi. Kuchita kwake kumatenga masiku 10. Kukonzekera kulowetsedwa koteroko, muyenera kuwaza 90 g adyo ndi chopondapo adyo, kutsanulira 10 ml ya mafuta osasangalatsa mu gruel. Pambuyo pa masiku awiri, sakanizani mafuta osakaniza ndi madzi a sopo. Zomalizazi zimakonzedwa motere: 10 g sopo ayenera kusungunuka mu 500 ml ya madzi, osakaniza bwino ndikusiyidwa kwa tsiku. Kenaka sungani kusakaniza ndikusunga mu chidebe chotsekedwa mwamphamvu. Njira yothetsera kupopera imakonzedwa motere: 1 gawo la osakaniza limachepetsedwa mu magawo 100 a madzi. Ngati mlingo wa matenda ndi wapamwamba, ndiye kuti madzi ochepa ayenera kumwedwa.

Mukhozanso kukonzekera infusions wa zitsamba zina. Mwachitsanzo, lavenda ndi tansy amathamangitsa ntchentche. Kukonzekera kulowetsedwa, kutsanulira mwatsopano kapena youma zopangira ndi madzi otentha. Apa, kuchuluka kwake sikofunikira kuyang'ana - mphamvu ya kulowetsedwa imadalira kuchuluka kwa matenda a mycelium.