Zamkatimu
Nkhungu ya bowa ndi matenda ofala kwambiri omwe alimi amakumana nawo akamaswana ma champignon ndi bowa wa oyster. Tsoka ilo, palibe njira zothandiza zothanirana ndi nkhungu zatsopano za bowa, ndipo chitetezo cha mbewu chimakhala pakukhazikitsa kwake njira zodzitetezera. Mitundu yayikulu ya nkhungu za bowa ndi zobiriwira, zachikasu, zachikasu zobiriwira, confetti, carmine, kangaude ndi azitona. Zoyenera kuchita kuti mupewe mawonekedwe a nkhungu pa bowa pakukula zikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane patsamba lino.
Chifukwa chiyani nkhungu zobiriwira zimawonekera pa bowa?
Green nkhungu, monga lamulo, zimakhudza ma champignon omwe amakula m'zipinda zazikulu. Chifukwa chomwe nkhungu zobiriwira zimawonekera pa bowa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya skae-yutsht, ndizofala kwambiri m'chilengedwe ndipo zimawonekera mu gawo lapansi limodzi ndi zida zoyambira. Iwo, limodzi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, timachitanso nayo mphamvu. Kachilomboka kameneka sikamavutika ndi kutentha kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, tizilombo totsalira timafa, ndipo bowa limayamba kukula mofulumira, popanda kukumana ndi zopinga ndi mpikisano. Mycelium wa bowa uyu ndi hyphae yopyapyala yomwe imalowa mu gawo lonse lapansi ndikuyipatsa fungo la cellar ndi nkhungu. Bowa mycelium sangathe kukula mumikhalidwe yotere, chifukwa samapeza zakudya. Amafa mofulumira kwambiri. Ndipo parasitic bowa akufotokozera spores. Zotsatira zake, masamba amtundu wobiriwira, wobiriwira wa azitona, wakuda amawonekera pagawo. The bowa spores amadzazidwa ndi wobiriwira spores. Komanso, ammonia mu gawo lapansi ndi kusowa kwa mpweya wabwino kumangolimbikitsa kukula kwa bowa. Ngati manyowa a nkhuku asakanizidwa mosagwirizana pakusakaniza koyamba, ndiye kuti izi nthawi zina zimayambitsa nkhungu yobiriwira.
Momwe bowa omwe ali ndi nkhungu yobiriwira amawoneka ngati akuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi:
Green nkhungu zitha kupewedwa. Chifukwa chiyani zinthu zoyambira zagawo ziyenera kutengedwa mulingo woyenera komanso kompositi yoyenera. Njira ya pasteurization yokha iyenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse, kupewa kutenthedwa mulimonse.
Ndikololedwa kugwedeza gawo lapansi lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi matendawa kachiwiri. Zotsatira zake, mutha kupeza zokolola zochepa. Izi zisanachitike, gawo lapansi limawazidwa ndi ufa wa superphosphate.
Brown ndi yellow nkhungu pa bowa oyster ndi shampignons
brown nkhungu nthawi zambiri amakhudza bowa oyisitara ndi shampignons. Choyambitsa chake ndi bowa wankhungu saprophytic. Nkhungu imatha kuwonekera pagawo lapansi chisanayambe kapena chitatha chivundikirocho. Poyamba, nkhunguyo imakhala yoyera komanso yofiyira, kenako imakhala yofiirira-imvi, ngati cholembera. Mukachisisita ndi dzanja lanu kapena kuchithirira, ndiye kuti fumbi limatuluka pamadontho. Bowa la mycelium likamera m'chivundikirocho, nkhungu ya bowa imasowa.
Matendawa angathe kupewedwa, palibe mankhwala. Monga njira yodzitetezera, chivundikirocho chiyenera kuthandizidwa ndi foundationazole. Komanso, musati manyowa pansi.
yellow nkhungu Komanso nthawi zambiri amakhudza champignon. Zimayambitsidwa ndi bowa la Myceliophtora lutea; tizilomboto imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa zoopsa kwambiri champignon. Bowa wotere amatha kupezeka m'chilengedwe - amawombera pa mycelium yomwe ikukula zakutchire za bowa zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo mu gawo lapansi, zimakula pokhapokha ngati pali champignon mycelium pamalo omwewo. Mycelium yoyera imawonekera pamalire pakati pa chivundikirocho ndi gawo lapansi. Pambuyo pake, spores amapangidwa ndipo madera okhudzidwawo amakhala achikasu. Gawo lapansi lokha limayamba kununkhiza ngati copper oxide, kapena carbide. Ma spores a bowa amalimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri, samafa panthawi ya pasteurization ndipo amatha kunyamulidwa ndi dothi, gawo lapansi loipitsidwa, kudzera m'manja ndi zida za anthu.
Zolinga zodzitetezera, ndikofunikira kutsatira mosamalitsa zofunikira zaukhondo, kompositi yoyenera. Ngati gawo lapansi liri ndi kachilombo, ndiye kuti zonse zozungulira bowa ziyenera kupopera mlungu uliwonse ndi 4% formalin solution. Ndipo pambuyo pa kusokoneza kulikonse, ndikofunikira kupopera makolala ndi 1% yankho la mkuwa sulphate. Malo omwe ali ndi kachilomboka amathandizidwanso ndi yankho la 1% la sulphate yamkuwa ndipo kenako amatengedwa kutayirapo. Gawo lapansili silingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati feteleza wachilengedwe. Malo onse opangirako ayenera kutenthedwa pa 12 °C kwa maola 72 mutatha kusinthana mbewu.
Zoyenera kuchita ngati nkhungu ya confetti ikuwoneka pa bowa
yellow nkhungu confetti – Awa ndi matenda osiyana, osiyana ndi mwachizolowezi chikasu nkhungu. Zimayambitsidwa ndi mtundu wina wa bowa wa parasitic. Whiteish mycelium amapangidwa mu gawo lapansi mu mawonekedwe a omwazikana mawanga. Amasanduka achikasu pakapita nthawi ndipo amakhala achikasu-bulauni. Minofu ya bowa imatha kupanga pakati.
Kukula nthawi imodzi ndi bowa mycelium, tiziromboti pang'onopang'ono timayamba kulamulira. Mawangawo amatha kuwoneka bwino kudzera m'thumba. Ndikosavuta kuwayang'ana potsanulira gawo lapansi muthumba papepala ndikuligawa m'magulu opingasa. Nthawi zambiri nkhungu imakhala yosiyana ndi bowa mycelium - nthawi zonse imakhala imvi-siliva. Kukula, matendawa ali ndi zofooketsa pa fruiting wa bowa. Zimayamba pang'onopang'ono, kenako zimayima.
Kukula kwakukulu kwa nkhungu kumachitika pa tsiku la 50-60 mutabzala mycelium. Chifukwa chake, kumera kwapambuyo kumapezeka mu chomera cha champignon, kutayika kwake kudzakhala kwakukulu.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a parasitic bowa amafa pa kutentha kwa 60 ° C ndi kupitilira apo. Nthawi zambiri, matendawa amafalikira kudzera mu gawo lapansi, nthawi zina amapezekanso panthaka. Matendawa amatha kulowa mu gawo lapansi akamatsitsidwa kuchokera kuchipinda. Spores amabweretsedwa ndi mphepo pamodzi ndi fumbi la ma shampignon oyandikana nawo kapena kuchokera ku gawo lapansi. Dothi lingathenso kutenga kachilomboka. Spores amanyamulidwa ndi zovala ndi nsapato, ndi zida, nkhupakupa, mbewa, ntchentche za bowa, etc.
Pofuna kupewa matenda, ndikofunikira kutsatira zofunikira zaukhondo mu chomera cha champignon chokha komanso m'dera loyandikana nalo. Kompositi sayenera kuchitidwa pansi pa dothi. Gawo lapansi liyenera kusungidwa bwino pasteurized kwa maola 12 pa 60 ° C. Ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito matumba opangidwa ndi filimu ya polima, yomwe ingachepetse chiopsezo cha kufalikira kwa matenda mukayika bowa. Kuphatikiza apo, miyeso yonse iyenera kutsatiridwa mosamalitsa (kukonzekera kuswana gawo lapansi, kumera mwachangu kwa mycelium, kusakaniza ndi pasteurized gawo lapansi, etc.) zomwe zimathandizira kukula kwa mycelium ndi mapangidwe a zipatso. Izi zithandiza kuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha kutayika kwa mbewu.
Ngati bowa ali ophimbidwa ndi nkhungu, ndiye kuti zodzikongoletsera za miyendo ndi zophimba zomwe zimawatsatira siziyenera kumwazikana. Ayenera kusonkhanitsidwa m'matumba a filimu ya polima ndikukulunga mu dzenje lokonzekera izi. Zinyalalazi ziyenera kuthiriridwa tsiku lililonse ndi yankho la mkuwa sulphate. Bowolo liyenera kuphimbidwa ndi nthaka. Chipinda chonse chomwe champignon chimadzaza chiyenera kutsukidwa ndikuthira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tsiku lililonse ndi yankho la mkuwa sulfate. Malo onse olowera mpweya ayenera kuphimbidwa ndi maukonde. Musanagwiritse ntchito bowa ndi pambuyo pake, muyenera kutsuka zida zonse zogwirira ntchito, kuchapa zovala zantchito, kuchapa ndi kupha nsapato ndi yankho la mkuwa sulphate, ndikusamba m'manja ndi sopo ndi madzi.
Njira zazikulu zothana ndi nkhungu ndi zoteteza. Choyamba, m'pofunika kuchotsa magwero onse a matenda nthawi zonse kukula bowa.
Pofuna kupewa nkhungu pa bowa, dera lonse la champignon liyenera kupopera kamodzi pa sabata ndi yankho la 1% la mkuwa sulphate. Gawo lapansi lomwe lagwiritsidwa ntchito liyenera kuthiridwa ndi yankho la mkuwa sulphate musanachotse mu bowa. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wachilengedwe pokhapokha ngati mulibe bowa. Malo opangirako ayeneranso kutenthedwa pamodzi ndi gawo lapansi.
yellow wobiriwira bowa nkhungu
nkhungu yobiriwira yachikasu gawo lapansi mu champignons limakhudzidwa nthawi zambiri. Bowa amakhala wofooka, imvi mu mtundu; mycelium imafa pang'onopang'ono. M'malo mwake, bowa wankhungu wokhala ndi spores wachikasu wobiriwira ndi mycelium yoyera amapangidwa. Lili ndi fungo lonunkhira bwino komanso lowoneka ngati viscous. Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha nkhungu zosiyanasiyana. Amatha kukula nthawi imodzi, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuwapatula. Mtundu uwu wa nkhungu ndi wofala m'chilengedwe. Imalowa mu gawo lapansi pamodzi ndi zipangizo zoyambira ndipo, pamodzi ndi tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono, timachita nawo composting. Nkhungu yobiriwira yachikasu imayamba kukula pa kutentha kwa 45 ° C. Imafa kwathunthu ndi pasteurization yabwino. Ngati pasteurization ikuchitika mwachikhulupiriro choyipa, ndipo gawo lapansi palokha silikhala bwino, ndiye kuti nkhungu imawononga bowa wa mycelium kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko. Matendawa amatha kulowa mu gawo lapansi lapamwamba kwambiri. Magwero a matenda akhoza zakhudzana zinyalala gawo lapansi, amene anamwazikana pafupi champignons ndi kompositi malo, mphepo ndi fumbi, nsapato, zida. Kwachedwa kwambiri kuganiza zochita bowa atayamba kale nkhungu. Ngati matendawa ayambitsidwa mochedwa nthawi, pamene mycelium imapangidwa bwino ndipo mapangidwe a zipatso ayamba, ndiye kuti chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa mbewu chimachepetsedwa pang'ono.
Pofuna kupewa matendawa, muyenera kutsatira malamulo onse a ukhondo pamalo a kompositi. Osagwiritsa ntchito zitosi za mbalame zomwe zasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Kompositi iyenera kuchitidwa motsatira zofunikira zonse ndikuyika mulu wozungulira. Gawo lapansi liyenera kuthandizidwa ndi kutentha. Kuonjezera apo, imayenera kunyowa mwamsanga mutatha kuchotsa bowa. Pa masiku a mphepo, ndi osafunika kuyeretsa. Gawo laling'ono liyenera kuchotsedwa m'matumba apulasitiki. Sambani bowa nthawi zonse ndikuphera tizilombo ndi fungicides.
Mitundu ina ya nkhungu bowa
carmine nkhungu chifukwa cha bowa Sporendomena purpurescens Bon. Zikuoneka pa fruiting mu mawonekedwe a zoyera puffs kapena chivundikiro cha mycelium pakati apezeka a integumentary zakuthupi. The mycelium wa nkhungu akukula mofulumira kwambiri ndipo chimakwirira lonse wosanjikiza wa zinthu integumentary. Simamwa madzi pothirira. Mu champignon, fruiting imayamba kuchepa, kenako imasiya palimodzi. Mycelium ya nkhungu imasanduka yachikasu, kenako imakhala yofiira kwambiri ndipo sporulation imayamba. Bowa uyu amakonda kwambiri nayitrogeni ndipo amamera mu gawo lapansi lolemera mmenemo. Ngati kutentha kwa gawo lapansi kumakhala 10-18 ° C, ndiye kuti kukula kwa nkhungu kumawonjezeka, pomwe kukula kwa bowa wolimidwa, m'malo mwake, kumachepa.
Pofuna kupewa matendawa, gawo lapansi lodzaza ndi nayitrogeni komanso lothira madzi liyenera kupewedwa. Manyowa a nayitrogeni ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kwambiri. Pa kutentha kwa gawo lapansi, payeneradi kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino. Ammonia ayenera kumasulidwa kwathunthu. Kutentha kwa gawo lapansi kuyeneranso kukhala koyenera nthawi zonse kwa bowa wolimidwa.
Spider web ndi olive mold - matenda ofala kwambiri a bowa wa oyisitara. Iwo amawonekera pa gawo lapansi ndi ziletsa kukula kwa mycelium ndi zipatso mapangidwe. Njira yosavuta komanso yothandiza kwambiri yothanirana ndi matendawa ndi mchere. Nthawi zambiri amawaza m'malo omwe ali ndi kachilomboka. Mchere umalepheretsa kuti matendawa asafalikire kwambiri.