Zamkatimu
Popanda njira yodziwika bwino yolangizira zamaganizo, tidzagwira ntchito nthawi zonse muzidutswa, kutengera masomphenya athu nthawi zonse ndikugwiritsa ntchito "chips" chomwe timakonda. Gulu la akatswiri a zamaganizo a uphungu likuyang'anizana ndi ntchito yofotokozera mwachidule zomwe zachitika, kupanga maziko amodzi a chiphunzitso ndi njira, ndikugwirizanitsa njira zosiyanasiyana ndi madera a uphungu wamaganizo. Tili kutali ndi kutenga ufulu wophunzitsa anzathu azamisala momwe angagwirire ntchito, ntchito yathu ndi yocheperako: tikufuna kugawana zomwe ophunzira athu akuphunzira ku yunivesite ya Practical Psychology. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zidzakhululukidwa mfundozo mu ulaliki wathu zomwe zimawoneka zosavuta, zoonekeratu komanso zodziwika bwino kwa aliyense: ABC ndi chiyani kwa katswiri wodziwa zambiri nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kwa mlangizi wa novice.
Ndiloleni ndiyambe ndi mawu ochokera kugulu "Psychotherapy - ndi chiyani?"
“…Tiyeni tiganizire za John: amamva ululu nthawi zonse akatembenuza mutu. Kuyesera kuchotsa kuzunzika, iye akhoza kutembenukira kwa akatswiri angapo, koma adzayamba ndi amene, pamaziko a zomwe zinamuchitikira ndi malingaliro ake, akuganiza kuti amuthandiza kuposa ena.
Ndipo chiyani? John adzapeza kuti malingaliro a katswiri aliyense ndi njira zomwe katswiriyu wapereka zidzagwirizana kwambiri ndi maphunziro ndi zochitika pamoyo wa katswiriyu. Mwachitsanzo, John wa banja dokotala n'kutheka kuti matenda «kuchuluka minofu kamvekedwe» ndi mankhwala mankhwala kuti kumasuka minofu. Wauzimu, nayenso, adzazindikira “kusokonekera kwa mgwirizano wauzimu” kwa Yohane ndi kumpatsa mapemphero ndi machiritso mwa kusanjika manja. The psychotherapist, Komano, adzakhala ndi chidwi amene "anakhala pa khosi la Yohane," ndi kukulangizani kuti muphunzire zamaganizo, amene amaphunzitsa luso kudziimira. Katswiri wa zachipatala amatha kuzindikira kusokonezeka kwa chiberekero cha chiberekero cha John ndikuyamba kuwongola gawo loyenera la msana, kuchita zomwe chiropractic imatcha "kusokoneza." Naturopath adzazindikira kusalinganika kwa mphamvu ndikuwonetsa kuti acupuncture. Eya, mnansi wa John, wogulitsa mipando yakuchipinda, anganene kuti akasupe a matiresi omwe ngwazi yathu amagona atha, ndikumulangiza kuti agule matiresi atsopano ... "(Psychotherapy - ndi chiyani? Malingaliro amakono / Ed JK Zeig ndi VM Munion / Kutembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Chingerezi ndi LS Kaganov. - M .: Independent firm «Class», 2000. - 432 pp. - (Library of Psychology and Psychotherapy, nkhani 80)).
Sikoyenera kukangana apa amene ali wolondola. Ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunika kwambiri kuti tivomereze kuti zifukwa zonsezi zikhoza kuchitika, ndipo ndizomveka kuti tisamangoganizira zosankha zonsezi. Kodi timachita izi nthawi zonse m'ntchito yathu yamaganizo?
Kufunika kwa njira yophatikizika
Masukulu a uphungu wamaganizo amasiyana m'zinthu zambiri zomwe katswiri wa zamaganizo amakonda kugwira nawo ntchito: ndi chikomokere mu psychoanalysis, ndi thupi mu gestalt, ndi khalidwe mu njira ya khalidwe, ndi zikhulupiriro mu njira yachidziwitso, ndi zithunzi (zovuta zoimiridwa mophiphiritsira) mu njira yofotokozera kapena ndondomeko. .
Kodi muyenera kudziletsa? Ayi.
Kum’mawa, mmodzi wa akazi a sultan atadwala, dokotala ankangoona dzanja la wodwalayo. Inde, kokha mwa kumvetsera kugunda, chozizwitsa cha dokotala nthawi zina chingathandize wodwalayo, koma ndi luso la dokotala likufunika lero, ngati m'malo mwake mungathe kufufuza bwinobwino wodwalayo ndi mankhwala ake ovuta.
M'malo mwa njira zodzipatula zokha, njira yophatikizika ikufunika. Wothandizira, katswiri wa zamaganizo-mlangizi sayenera kukhala ndi njira imodzi (chida chimodzi), koma zida zambiri zosiyana.
Mthunthu matenda luso
Pokhala ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, katswiri wa zamaganizo ayenera kumvetsetsa zomwe kasitomala amafunikira pankhaniyi.
Ntchito ndi maganizo? Mukufuna ntchito ndi thupi? Ntchito ndi zikhulupiriro? Kapena mwina ntchito zogwirizana ndi khalidwe? Kugwira ntchito ndi zithunzi? Kuthana ndi zovuta zakale? Kugwira ntchito ndi matanthauzo a moyo? Chinanso?
Izi kapena malangizo a ntchito ya katswiri wa zamaganizo-katswiri amatsimikiziridwa ndi pempho la kasitomala, koma osati ndi iye yekha. Choyamba, nthawi zambiri pempho la kasitomala silikhala, madandaulo osamveka amamveka, ndipo kachiwiri, mtsikanayo mwiniwakeyo sangamvetse tanthauzo la vuto lake ndipo, kwenikweni, auze mlangizi zomwe amayi ake kapena bwenzi lake adamuuza za mavuto ake.
Pambuyo pomvera pempho la kasitomala, ntchito ya mlangizi ndiyo kuyang'ana zonse zomwe zingayambitse mavuto, ndipo chifukwa cha izi ayenera kukhala ndi mndandanda wotere.
Monga dokotala: ngati wofuna chithandizo akudandaula za mavuto a khungu, muyenera kuyesa mayesero ambiri m'njira zosiyanasiyana, koma odziwika bwino kwa dokotala. Madokotala ali ndi mindandanda yotere yomwe muyenera kuyang'ana - mndandanda womwewo uyenera kukhala ndi akatswiri azamisala-alangizi.
Ndondomeko yofotokozera vuto lenileni
Ngati wodwala pa dokotala akudandaula za ululu m`mimba, dokotala akhoza kukhala ndi maganizo ambiri: kungakhale zachilendo zakudya kwa iye, koma appendicitis, ndi khansa, ndi mavuto ndi ndulu ndi chiwindi. Mwina kasitomala amangodya kwambiri, kapena mwina ali ndi yersiniosis kapena china chake chosowa kwambiri. Kuti madokotala asafulumire kudula appendicitis komwe wodwala ali ndi vuto losagaya chakudya, ali ndi malingaliro amomwe angadziwire mavuto.
Komabe, amayamba ndi tanthauzo la chinthu choyambirira, chodziwika bwino, chodziwikiratu, ndipo pokhapokha ngati zodziwikiratu sizikuwonekera, malingaliro osavuta sagwira ntchito, muyenera kuyang'ana zakuya. Lamuloli likaphwanyidwa, akuti ndi lopanda ntchito.
Mmodzi wa makasitomala anga anadandaula: anapita kwa dokotala wa khungu, iye chapamwamba anamuyesa ndipo ananena kuti zonse za misempha. Adalimbikitsanso kuthana ndi psychosomatics kwa psychotherapist. Wodwalayo, komabe, adatembenukira kwa katswiri wodziwa zambiri, adayesa, adapereka mapiritsi osavuta kuti abwezeretse zomera za m'mimba, ndipo chirichonse chinapita mu sabata.
Sikoyenera kuyang'ana zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto mpaka malingaliro oyambira atayesedwa.
Kubwerera ku ntchito zamaganizidwe, tikubwereza mfundo yofunika kwambiri iyi:
Si akatswiri kuyang'ana zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto amalingaliro mpaka malingaliro oyambira atatsimikiziridwa.
Zodziwikiratu, zotheka komanso zovuta zamaganizidwe
Mavuto a maganizo angakhale a mutu uliwonse: za ndalama ndi chikondi, "Sindikudziwa zomwe ndikufuna" ndi "Sindimakhulupirira anthu", koma amatchedwa amkati ngati munthu akuwona muzu wa vuto mwa iye yekha, ndipo osati mwa munthu kapena chinachake chakunja.
Kugwira ntchito ndi zovuta zamkati zamakasitomala, tikulimbikitsidwa kutsatira dongosolo ili, zotsatirazi zantchito ndi mavuto:
- Zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto ndizovuta komanso zovuta zomwe zimawoneka ndi maso ndipo zimathetsedwa pamlingo wanzeru. Ngati mtsikana ali yekhayekha chifukwa amangokhala pakhomo ndipo sapita kulikonse, choyamba, ayenera kulangizidwa kuti akulitse gulu lake.
- Zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto - zosadziwika, koma zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta za kasitomala, zomwe zimakhala ndi zizindikiro zowonekera kwa katswiri. Mtsikanayo sangathe kukhazikitsa gulu lochezera, chifukwa ali ndi njira yolankhulirana ya bazaar komanso kukwiyitsa.
- Zomwe zimayambitsa vuto ndizongoganizira zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta za kasitomala zomwe zilibe zizindikiro zowoneka. Chifukwa cha kusungulumwa mtsikana akhoza ankaganiza kuti ubwana wake maganizo zoopsa, ndi mavuto m'banja kukumbukira banja lake, ndi korona wa umbeta, ndi temberero mnansi.
Ngati kasitomala anena vuto lililonse lodziwikiratu, muyenera kuthana nalo kaye.
Ngati mnyamata sadziwa kudziwa mumsewu, masitepe oyambirira ayenera kukhala pulayimale - funsani ngati akufuna kuphunzira, ndipo ngati ndi choncho, amalangiza mmene ndi kumene kuchita izo bwino. Ngati munthu akuwopa kuwuluka pa ndege, mwina ndi bwino kugwira ntchito ndi mantha ake akuwuluka poyamba, osati kumufunsa za zochitika za ubwana wake zovuta. Elementary deensitization imatha kuchotsa mantha mu theka la ola, ndipo ngati nkhaniyi yathetsedwa, imathetsedwa.
Zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto nthawi zambiri zimatha kuthetsedwa m'njira zoonekeratu, kwa mlangizi wodziwa zambiri - pamlingo wanzeru. Pokhapokha ngati izi sizinali zokwanira, mlangizi ayenera kupita ku mlingo wa zifukwa zobisika za mavuto, kuyambira ndi zomwe zingatheke kwambiri, ndipo pokhapokha ngati zotheka zonse zatha, munthu akhoza kulowa m'mavuto aakulu.
Malinga ndi mfundo ya kuphweka, musabweretse mavuto ena. Ngati chinachake chitha kuthetsedwa mosavuta, chiyenera kuthetsedwa mosavuta, kokha chifukwa chakuti chiri chofulumira komanso chogwira mtima kwambiri, chotsika mtengo potengera nthawi ndi khama. Zomwe zimathetsedwa mwachangu sizoyenera kuchita kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ngati vuto la kasitomala likhoza kufotokozedwa m'njira yosavuta, yothandiza, palibe chifukwa choyang'ana mafotokozedwe ovuta pasadakhale.
Ngati vuto la kasitomala likhoza kuyesedwa pamakhalidwe, simuyenera kutenga njira yakuzama psychology pasadakhale.
Ngati vuto la kasitomala litha kuthetsedwa pogwira ntchito ndi pano, musathamangire kugwira ntchito ndi zomwe kasitomala amakumana nazo kale.
Ngati vutoli likupezeka m'mbuyomu yamakasitomala, simuyenera kulowa m'miyoyo yake yakale komanso kukumbukira makolo ake.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mavuto akuya ndi gawo losavomerezeka, pomwe gawo lonse limatsegulidwa kuti zitheke komanso zamatsenga.
Katswiri wa zamaganizo kapena wochiritsira amene akupereka ntchito yozama yomwe ilibe chidziwitso cha sayansi ayenera kudzifunsa kuti: Kodi zotsatira za nthawi yaitali za ntchito yotereyi ndi zotani, kodi mtundu uwu wa psychotherapy udzayankha bwanji? Kukhulupirira diso loyipa ndi maulosi oyipa? Chizoloŵezi chodalira mwayi? Chizoloŵezi chosintha udindo pa chikomokere chanu? Ndipo kanthu kakang'ono - kutchula kukumbukira makolo, m'malo moganiza nokha? Zikuwoneka kuti malingaliro amtundu woterewu ndikuyang'ana kuti ndi ochezeka ndi zachilengedwe ndizovomerezeka kwa katswiri wa zamaganizo.
Ntchito zaukatswiri ndizokhazikika ndipo zimatsata mfundo ya kuphweka. Mwaukadaulo, yambani mwanzeru, ndi tanthauzo lachinthu choyambirira, chodziwika bwino, chodziwikiratu, ndipo pokhapokha ngati yankho pamlingo wanzeru siligwira ntchito, muyenera kuyang'ana china chobisika komanso chozama. Pamene lamulo lothetsa mavutoli likuphwanyidwa, limanenedwa kukhala lopanda ntchito.
"Chilichonse chomwe chimagwira ntchito ndi chabwino" chikhoza kukhala chosawona bwino ndipo chifukwa chake sichikonda chilengedwe. Ngati mwamuna watopa, mkazi akhoza kumubweretsa 200 magalamu pambuyo pa ntchito. Tikudziwa kuti ipereka mphamvu, idzagwira ntchito, idzamva bwino kwa mwamuna wanga. Mukhozanso kumuthandiza tsiku lotsatira. Kubisalira kuno ndi chiyani? Tikudziwa kuti m’kupita kwa nthawi mwamunayu amasanduka chidakwa. Zomwe zimapereka zotsatira zodalirika tsopano zimatha kukhala zovuta komanso zovuta pambuyo pake. Obwebweta ndi asing'anga amagwira ntchito moyenera kuposa akatswiri azamisala anzawo, koma chilakolako chamatsenga ndi esotericism, chizolowezi chodalira mphamvu zapamwamba, chimakhala ndi kuchepa kwa chikhalidwe chambiri, ubwana ndi chizolowezi chopanda udindo.
Systematization ya zovuta zomwe zingachitike
M'ntchito yathu yothandiza, timagwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wamavuto omwe angakhalepo amalingaliro. Iyi ndi nthawi kukumbukira za njira Integrated uphungu, za mfundo yakuti munthu si maganizo, komanso thupi, osati thupi, komanso moyo, nthawi yomweyo kukumbukira matanthauzo a moyo kuti bungwe moyo wathu. tanthauzo la moyo ndi moyo wa mzimu. Tinanena kuti wothandizira, katswiri wa zamaganizo, sayenera kukhala ndi njira imodzi (chida chimodzi), koma zida zambiri zosiyana. Ndi zida ziti zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yophatikizikayi?
Lero tikubweretserani chiweruzo chanu mndandanda wotsatirawu:
- Oyankhula zovuta
Kubwezera, kulimbana ndi mphamvu, chizolowezi chokopa chidwi, kuopa kulephera. Rudolf Dreikurs (Dreikurs, R. (1968) Psychology m'kalasi) anapereka chida chodabwitsa chomwe chiri chachilendo kupitirira.
- Vuto thupi
Kupanikizika, zomangira, anangula olakwika, kusakhazikika kapena kukhazikika kwapadera (kusowa kwa maphunziro) kwa thupi. Timachokera pano osati pa ntchito za Alexander Lowen (A. Lowen «Psychology of the body»), tili pano zambiri zachitukuko chathu choyambirira.
- Vuto kuganiza.
Kupanda chidziwitso, zabwino, zomanga ndi udindo. Chizoloŵezi choganiza molingana ndi "mavuto", kuwona makamaka zofooka, kuchitapo kanthu pofufuza ndi zochitika popanda constructiveness, kuyambitsa njira za parasitic zomwe zimawononga mphamvu pachabe (chisoni, kudziimba mlandu, kutsutsa, chizolowezi chotsutsa ndi kubwezera) . Pano, chitukuko cha anthu ambiri chimatithandiza: Alfred Adler, Fritz Perls, Werner Erhard, panthawi imodzimodziyo iyi ndiyo njira yaikulu pakukula kwa njira ya Syntone.
- Zikhulupiriro Zovuta
Zikhulupiriro zolakwika kapena zolimba zolepheretsa, zovuta za moyo, kusowa kwa zikhulupiliro zolimbikitsa. Mzerewu unayambitsidwa ndi Aaron Beck (Aaron Beck, Arthur Freeman. "Cognitive Psychotherapy of Personality Disorders"), Albert Ellis (Albert Ellis. Humanistic Psychotherapy: A Rational-Emotional Approach / Translated from English - St. Petersburg: Owl Publishing House; M. : EKSMO-Press Publishing House, 2002. - 272 pp. (Series «Steps of Psychotherapy»)) ndi Eric Berne (Eric Berne. «Games People Play»), mopindulitsa anapitiriza kuyambira pamenepo ndi ambiri.
- Zithunzi zavuto
Chithunzi chovuta cha ine, chithunzi chovuta cha mnzako, chithunzi chovuta cha njira za moyo, fanizo lovuta la moyo. Iyi ndi njira yofotokozera komanso njira, yogwira ntchito ndi zithunzi ndi mafanizo.
- Moyo wovuta.
Zikuwoneka kwa ife kuti mfundoyi ikupeputsa ndi psychology yothandiza yamakono. Izi ndi za moyo wosalongosoka komanso wopanda thanzi, pamene mnyamata amakhala makamaka usiku, wamalonda amaledzera, mtsikana wamng'ono amasuta fodya, izi ndi za moyo wa kusungulumwa kapena malo ovuta.
Yesetsani
Ngati wofuna chithandizo abwera kudzakambirana, choyamba timaona kuti n'kofunika kumva pempho lake, ngati kuli kofunikira, kumuthandiza kupanga. Ngati n'kotheka, tikuyang'ana mipata yosamutsira kasitomala kuchokera ku malo a Wozunzidwa kupita ku udindo wa Wolemba, ndiye kuti tikhoza kugwira ntchito osati ndi wodwala wodwala, komanso kugwirizana ndi munthu wokangalika, woganiza, wodalirika. Ngati pempho la kasitomala likuthetsedwa mwachindunji, pamlingo wa vuto lodziwikiratu, zili bwino. Ngati sichoncho, tili ndi lingaliro, mndandanda wazovuta zobisika.
Nkhanza
Tiyerekeze kuti mkazi wasankha zochita pa nthawi imene mwamuna wake akumunyengerera. Pambuyo pofufuza mophweka, zimakhala kuti moyo wawo wabanja wakhala zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, ali ndi ana awiri, mwamuna wake amamukonda, amamukondanso, kuperekedwa kunali koopsa. Atadekha, amamvetsetsa zonse ndi mutu wake - sikoyenera kusudzulana muzochitika izi, zingakhale zolondola kuchotsa chipongwe ndikuwongolera maubwenzi, koma moyo wake umapweteka ndipo akufuna kulanga mwamuna wake. Apa ndi pamene timafika ku nkhani zobisika.
Mukuwona ngati pali olankhula ovuta pano? Kodi muyenera kugwira ntchito ndi thupi lovuta? Kodi kulingalira kwa mkazi kuli kolimbikitsa motani, kodi kuli kotheka kuwamanganso m’njira yabwino ndi yomangirira? Kodi pali zikhulupiriro zovuta komanso zolepheretsa zomwe zimalepheretsa kuganiza bwino? Nanga bwanji kudzidalira kwa mkazi, akumva bwanji, ndizotheka komanso kofunika kusintha mawonekedwe ake? Ndipo mwa njira, ndi mausiku angati omwe sanagone - mwina ayenera kugona kaye?
slouch
Mtsikanayo akugwada, ngakhale palibe zifukwa zachipatala za izi. Chifukwa chodziwikiratu n’chakuti mtsikanayo sadzisamalira. Mwina - wamantha kukhala owala ndi woyamba. Mlangizi sanatero, m'malo mwake sing'angayo adapita kukafufuza zomwe sizikutheka: "zonsezi ndi kudziletsa ndikuletsa kukhudzidwa kwanu" ... ↑
Kuopa kulankhulana
Kuopa kulankhulana mwa munthu wokwanira kungathe kuchotsedwa mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi: deensitization, kuchita zinthu zopanda malire komanso maphunziro oyankhulana bwino (pali malo ambiri ophunzirira). Koma izi ziyenera kuchitidwa, izi ziyenera kuphunzitsidwa. Ngati munthu sali wokonzeka kuphunzira ndi kuchita, kapena sichithandiza (chilichonse chikuchitika) - inde, ndiye kuti ndi zokwanira kuthetsa mavuto obisika komanso ozama.
Chidule
Monga mukuonera, pophunzitsa ophunzira a University, timayesetsa kupewa kusonkhanitsa mosaganizira, unsystematic ndi mopanda mfundo njira «chilichonse chimene chimagwira ntchito bwino.» Njira yomwe ikuperekedwa apa ikugwiritsidwa ntchito movutikira komanso mwadongosolo zida zomwe zilipo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zabwino kwambiri zama psychology. Ndikufuna kukhulupirira kuti kulingalira uku ndi njira yotereyi zingakhale zothandiza osati kwa ophunzira okha, komanso kwa anzathu olemekezeka.
Zothandizira
- Dreikurs, R. (1968) Psychology m'kalasi
- Beck Aaron, Arthur Freeman. Cognitive psychotherapy yamavuto amunthu.
- Bern Eric. Masewera Anthu Amasewera.
- Veselago EV System nyenyezi malinga ndi Bert Hellinger: mbiri, nzeru, luso.
- Lowen Alexander "Psychology ya Thupi"
- Psychotherapy - ndichiyani? Malingaliro amakono / Ed. JK Zeiga ndi VM Munion / Per. kuchokera ku Chingerezi. LS Kaganov. - M .: Independent olimba «Kalasi», 2000. - 432 p. - (Library of Psychology and Psychotherapy, nkhani 80).
- Ellis Albert. Psychotherapy yaumunthu: Njira yolingalira-yotengera / Per. kuchokera ku Chingerezi. - St. Petersburg: Owl Publishing House; M .: Publishing House of EKSMO-Press, 2002. - 272 p. (Series «Masitepe a psychotherapy»).
Article in English: Zochitika pakuphatikizana kwamachitidwe oyambira mu upangiri wama psychological