Choyamba, mfundo zingapo zakuwonongeka kwa chakudya malinga ndi Food and Agriculture Organisation ya United Nations (FAO):
· Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chakudya chomwe chimapangidwa padziko lapansi chimawonongeka. Izi ndi pafupifupi matani 1,3 biliyoni a chakudya pachaka.
• Chakudya chamtengo wapatali cha $680 biliyoni chimawonongeka pachaka m'mayiko otukuka; m'mayiko omwe akukula - ndi madola 310 biliyoni pachaka.
Mayiko otukuka ndi mayiko omwe akupanga zowononga pafupifupi chakudya chofanana - motsatira matani 670 ndi 630 miliyoni pachaka.
Zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, komanso mizu ndi ma tubers, zimatayidwa.
· Pa munthu aliyense, zinyalala za ogula ndi 95-115 kg pachaka ku Europe ndi North America, pomwe ogula ku sub-Saharan Africa ndi South ndi Southeast Asia amangotaya 6-11 kg pachaka.
· Pamalo ogulitsa, zakudya zambiri zimawonongeka chifukwa sizikuwoneka bwino kunja. Izi zimagwira ntchito makamaka ku zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Zipatso zokhala ndi zolakwika zazing'ono zakunja sizigulidwa mosavuta monga zipatso za "zolondola" mawonekedwe ndi mtundu.
• Kuwonongeka kwa chakudya ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zikuwononga chuma, monga madzi, nthaka, mphamvu, ntchito ndi ndalama. Kuonjezera apo, kuchulukitsidwa kwa chakudya kumabweretsa kutulutsa mpweya woipa mopanda chifukwa. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti dziko litenthe.
• Ponseponse, ulimi umakhala pakati pa gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi mwa magawo anayi aliwonse a mpweya wotenthetsera dziko lapansi umatulutsa. FAO ikuyerekeza kuti 4,4 gigatonnes ya carbon dioxide imatayidwa kuchokera ku chakudya chaka chilichonse. Izi ndizoposa mpweya wapachaka wa CO2 wapachaka wa India komanso pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotenthetsera padziko lonse lapansi wochokera kumayendedwe amsewu.
· Ngakhale 25% yokha ya zakudya zonse zomwe zidawonongeka zikadapulumutsidwa, zikanakhala zokwanira kudyetsa anthu 870 miliyoni. Pakali pano, anthu 800 miliyoni akuvutika ndi njala.
• Chaka chilichonse timafunika malo olimapo okwana 14 miliyoni kuti tipange chakudya chotayidwa. Izi ndizocheperako pang'ono poyerekeza ndi dera lonse la Russia.
M'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, 40% ya zowonongeka zimachitika pakatha kukolola. M'mayiko olemera, oposa 40% ya zotayika zimachitika pa mlingo wa ogulitsa ndi ogula. Ndiko kuti, m'mayiko olemera, ogula okha amataya (nthawi zambiri osakhudzidwa) chakudya. Ndipo m’mayiko osauka, kuwononga chakudya kumabwera chifukwa cha kusalima bwino, kusayenda bwino kwa zomangamanga, komanso kusakhazikika kwa makampani onyamula katundu. Chotero, tinganene kuti m’maiko olemera kulemera ndiko kumapangitsa kuti chakudya chiwonongeke, pamene m’maiko osauka ndicho kusoŵa kulemera kumene kuli chifukwa.
Kodi mungatani?
Kodi mungachepetse bwanji kutaya chakudya pamlingo wa khitchini yanu? Nawa malangizo othandiza:
Osapita kokagula osadya kanthu. Osagwiritsa ntchito ngolo yayikulu m'sitolo, tengani dengu m'malo mwake.
· Lembani mndandanda wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pasadakhale, apatukani nazo pang'ono momwe mungathere.
· Musanagule chakudya pamtengo “wabwino,” ganizirani ngati mudzadyadi chakudyachi posachedwapa.
Gwiritsani ntchito mbale zing'onozing'ono. Nthawi zambiri anthu amaika zakudya zambiri m’mbale zazikulu kuposa zimene angadye. Zomwezo zimapitanso m'malo odyeramo.
· Ngati simunadyeko kalikonse m’lesitilanti, funsani kuti zotsalazo zikupakireni.
Khulupirirani kukoma kwanu ndi kununkhiza kwanu poweruza masiku otha ntchito. Ogula nthawi zina amaganiza kuti zakudya zomwe zatsalira masiku ano sizingadyedwe, koma izi zimagwira ntchito pazakudya zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka (monga nyama ndi nsomba).
Dziwani zambiri za kusunga koyenera.
Momwe mungasungire bwino zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba
Ngati masamba ndi zipatso zimayikidwa m'matumba apadera ndipo simukukonzekera kuzidya nthawi yomweyo, ndiye kuti ndi bwino kuzisiya m'matumba. M’pofunikanso kusunga masamba ndi zipatso pamalo oyenera. Mitundu ina imasungidwa bwino mufiriji, pamene ina imasungidwa bwino mufiriji.
Sungani tomato kunja kwa firiji pamalo ozizira, owuma. Mwa njira, idyani tomato wakucha. Tomato wosapsa amakhala ndi poizoni wa tomatine, womwe ungakhale wovulaza thanzi.
Anyezi amamwa msanga chinyezi ndikuwola, choncho sungani pamalo ouma. Mwa njira, anyezi amakhalanso ndi zokometsera, kuphatikizapo kununkhira kwa adyo, choncho ndi bwino kuzisunga padera.
Kaloti wachisanu, parsnips, ndi mizu ya udzu winawake amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Ndi bwino kuwasunga pamalo ouma pa 12-15 ° C.
Mbatata imasungidwa bwino pamalo amdima, ozizira.
Sungani biringanya, nkhaka, ndi tsabola mufiriji, koma kutali ndi tomato ndi zipatso. Mabiringanya amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ethylene, mpweya wopangidwa ndi nthochi, mapeyala, maapulo, ndi tomato. Mothandizidwa ndi ethylene, biringanya zimakutidwa ndi mawanga akuda ndikuwawa kukoma.
Nkhaka zouma mufiriji. Nthawi zambiri nkhaka zimagulitsidwa mufilimu. Osachichotsa chifukwa chimakulitsa moyo wa alumali pafupifupi sabata.
Zamasamba zamasamba, monga letesi ndi chicory, ndi masamba a cruciferous (kolifulawa, broccoli, ziphuphu za Brussels, daikon, radishes, turnips) zimasungidwa bwino mufiriji.
Momwemonso ndi mapesi a udzu winawake ndi ma leeks.
Mandimu ndi zipatso zina za citrus zimasungidwa bwino pamalo amdima kunja kwa firiji. Nthawi yashelufu ya zipatso za citrus ndi masiku 14.
Nthochi ndi zipatso zina zachilendo zimadwala kuzizira. Ngati amasungidwa kutentha pansi pa 7 ° C, ndiye kuti kuwonongeka kwa maselo kumayamba, chipatsocho chimataya chinyezi ndipo chimawola.
Mphesa zimasungidwa bwino mufiriji. Kumeneko idzakhalabe yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa masiku asanu ndi awiri, ndipo kuchokera mufiriji - masiku atatu kapena anayi okha. Sungani mphesa mu thumba la pepala kapena mbale.
Maapulo amatha mpaka milungu itatu mufiriji kuposa kuchokera mufiriji.
Zamasamba ndi zipatso zodulidwa ziyenera kusungidwa mufiriji nthawi zonse. Izi zikugwira ntchito ku mitundu yonse.
Momwe mungasungire zinthu zamkaka
Tchizi wa kanyumba, mkaka, yoghurt ndi zinthu zina zamkaka zili ndi tsiku lotha ntchito. Mpaka pano, wopanga amatsimikizira zabwino. Pambuyo pa tsiku lotha ntchito, ubwino wa mankhwalawo ukhoza kuwonongeka. Komabe, mkaka nthawi zambiri umakhala woyenera kudyedwa kwa masiku angapo pambuyo pa tsiku lomwe lasonyezedwa pa phukusi. Gwiritsani ntchito kupenya kwanu, kununkhiza, ndi kulawa kuti muwone ngati mankhwala akadali abwino. Yogurt yotsegulidwa imatha kusungidwa mufiriji kwa masiku 5-7, mkaka - masiku 3-5.
Nanga bwanji nkhungu? Kodi chakudya chokhala ndi nkhungu pang'ono chitha kupulumutsidwa?
Nkhungu ndi "yolemekezeka" komanso yovulaza. Yoyamba imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tchizi monga Gorgonzola ndi Brie. nkhungu iyi ikhoza kudyedwa. Nkhungu yabwino imaphatikizansopo penicillin. Zina zonse za nkhungu zimakhala zovulaza, kapena zovulaza kwambiri. Ndizovulaza kwambiri kuphatikiza nkhungu pambewu, mtedza, mtedza ndi chimanga.
Zoyenera kuchita ngati nkhungu yafalikira pazakudya? Zakudya zina zimatha kupulumutsidwa pang'ono, koma zambiri ziyenera kutayidwa. Mukhoza kusunga tchizi (parmesan, cheddar) ndi masamba olimba ndi zipatso (kaloti, kabichi). Dulani malo onse okhudzidwa ndi nkhungu, kuphatikizanso centimita imodzi kupitilira. Ikani zakudya zophikidwa m'mbale kapena pamapepala aukhondo. Koma mkate wankhungu, mkaka wofewa, zipatso zofewa ndi ndiwo zamasamba, kupanikizana ndi zosungira ziyenera kutayidwa.
Kumbukirani zotsatirazi. Ukhondo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chochepetsera nkhungu. Ziphuphu za nkhungu zochokera ku zakudya zowonongeka zimatha kufalikira mosavuta ku firiji yanu, matawulo akukhitchini, ndi zina zotero. Choncho, tikulimbikitsidwa kuyeretsa mkati mwa firiji miyezi ingapo iliyonse ndi yankho la soda (supuni 1 ku kapu ya madzi). Sungani zopukuta, matawulo, masiponji, mops kukhala zoyera. Fungo la musty limatanthauza kuti nkhungu imakhala mwa iwo. Tayani zinthu zonse zakukhitchini zomwe sizingatsukidwe kwathunthu.