Zamkatimu
Zotsatira za chilengedwe pa kudziwika kwa jenda kwa ana
Lipoti la IGAS likupereka "mgwirizano wamaphunziro a ana" kuti athe kulimbana ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana m'malo olandirira alendo. Malangizo omwe mosakayikira adzatsitsimutsanso mkangano wovuta kwambiri pankhani za jenda.
Zithunzi zochokera ku U store catalog ya December 2012
General Inspectorate of Social Affairs yangotulutsa lipoti lake la "Kufanana pakati pa atsikana ndi anyamata pamakonzedwe osamalira ubwana" wofunsidwa ndi Najat Vallaud Belkacem.. Lipotili likuwonetsa zotsatirazi: ndondomeko zonse zolimbikitsa kufanana zimatsutsana ndi chopinga chachikulu, funso la machitidwe oyimira omwe amagawira amuna ndi akazi kuti azitsatira makhalidwe a amuna ndi akazi. Ntchito yomwe ikuwoneka kuti idapangidwa kuyambira ali mwana, makamaka m'njira zolandirira alendo. Kwa Brigitte Grésy ndi Philippe Georges, ogwira ntchito ku nazale ndi olera ana akuwonetsa chikhumbo chosalowerera ndale. Ndipotu, akatswiriwa amasintha khalidwe lawo, ngakhale mosadziwa, kuti agwirizane ndi kugonana kwa mwanayo.Atsikana ang'onoang'ono sangakhale olimbikitsidwa, osalimbikitsidwa kwambiri pazochitika zamagulu, sangalimbikitsidwe kutenga nawo mbali m'masewera a zomangamanga. Masewera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito thupi kungapangitsenso kuti pakhale maphunziro osungunuka a amuna ndi akazi: "zokongola kuona", masewera amtundu wina kumbali imodzi, "kufunafuna chipambano", masewera amagulu mbali inayo. Olembera amadzutsanso chilengedwe cha "binary" cha zoseweretsa, chokhala ndi zoseweretsa zochepa, zosauka za atsikana, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachepetsedwa kukhala zochitika zapakhomo ndi za amayi. M'mabuku a ana ndi makina osindikizira, mwamuna amagonjetsanso mkazi.78% ya zikuto za mabuku zimakhala ndi munthu wamwamuna ndipo mu ntchito zokhala ndi nyama asymmetry imakhazikitsidwa mu chiŵerengero cha chimodzi mpaka khumi.. Ichi ndichifukwa chake lipoti la IGAS limalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa "mgwirizano wamaphunziro a ana" kuti adziwitse anthu ogwira ntchito ndi makolo.
Mu Disembala 2012, masitolo a U adagawa zoseweretsa za "unisex", zoyamba zamtunduwu ku France.
Mkangano womwe ukukula
Zoyeserera zam'deralo zayamba kale. Ku Saint-Ouen, khriche ya Bourdarias yakopa anthu ambiri. Anyamata aang'ono amasewera ndi zidole, atsikana aang'ono amapanga masewera omanga. Mabuku omwe amawerengedwa amakhala ndi akazi ndi amuna ambiri. Ogwira ntchito ndi osakanikirana. Ku Suresnes, mu Januwale 2012, antchito khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu ochokera ku gawo la ana (laibulale yazofalitsa, nyumba zosungiramo ana, malo opumulira) adatsata maphunziro oyendetsa ndege omwe cholinga chake chinali kuteteza kugonana kudzera m'mabuku a ana. Kenako, kumbukirani,pa Khrisimasi yapitayi, masitolo a U adapanga chipwirikiti ndi kalozera wa anyamata omwe ali ndi makanda ndi atsikana omwe ali ndi masewera omanga..
Funso la kufanana ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi likukangana kwambiri ku France ndipo akuwona ndale, asayansi, afilosofi ndi psychoanalysts akutsutsana. Kusinthana ndi kosangalatsa komanso kovutirapo. Ngati anyamata aang'ono akunena kuti "vroum vroum" asanatchule "mummy", ngati atsikana aang'ono amakonda kusewera ndi zidole, kodi zimagwirizana ndi kugonana kwawo kwachilengedwe, chikhalidwe chawo, kapena maphunziro opatsidwa kwa iwo? ku chikhalidwe? Malingana ndi malingaliro a amuna ndi akazi omwe anawonekera ku United States m'zaka za m'ma 70, ndipo omwe ali pamtima pamalingaliro amakono ku France, kusiyana kwa anatomical kwa amuna ndi akazi sikokwanira kufotokoza momwe atsikana ndi anyamata, akazi ndi amuna, amachitira, kutsirizitsa kumamatira ku zowonetsera zoperekedwa kwa kugonana kulikonse. Kudziwikiratu kuti: Jenda ndi kugonana ndizokhazikika pagulu kuposa zenizeni zamoyo. Ayi, amunawo si ochokera ku Mars ndipo akaziwo si ochokera ku Venus. IneKwa ziphunzitso izi, si nkhani yotsutsa kusiyana koyambirira kwachilengedwe koma kugwirizanitsa ndi kumvetsetsa kuti kusiyana kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti maubwenzi ndi anthu azikhala ofanana.. Pamene malingalirowa adalowetsedwa m'mabuku a pulaimale a SVT mu 2011, panali ziwonetsero zambiri. Mapempho afalikira akukayikira kutsimikizika kwasayansi kwa kafukufukuyu, womwe ndi wamalingaliro ambiri.
Lingaliro la neurobiologists
Zotsutsana ndi jenda zidzatulutsa buku la Lise Eliot, katswiri wa sayansi ya ubongo waku America, wolemba "Pinki ubongo, ubongo wa buluu: kodi ma neuron amagonana?" “. Mwachitsanzo, iye analemba kuti: “Inde, anyamata ndi atsikana ndi osiyana. Ali ndi zokonda zosiyanasiyana, magawo osiyanasiyana a zochitika, zidziwitso zosiyanasiyana, mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zathupi, masitaelo amaubwenzi osiyanasiyana, kuthekera kosiyanasiyana komanso luntha lanzeru! (…) Kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zenizeni ndipo kumabweretsa mavuto akulu kwa makolo. Kodi timathandiza bwanji ana athu aamuna ndi aakazi, kuwateteza ndi kupitiriza kuwachitira zinthu mwachilungamo, pamene zosowa zawo n’zosiyana kwambiri? Koma musakhulupirire. Chomwe wofufuzayo akupanga pamwamba pa zonse ndikuti kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa ubongo wa mtsikana wamng'ono ndi ubongo wa mnyamata wamng'ono kumakhala kochepa. Ndipo kuti kusiyana pakati pa anthu pawokha n’kwambiri kuposa kwa amuna ndi akazi.
Othandizira kuti azidziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chawo amathanso kunena za katswiri wodziwika bwino wa neurobiologist waku France, Catherine Vidal. M’gawo lofalitsidwa mu Seputembala 2011 mu Liberation, iye analemba kuti: “Ubongo nthawi zonse umapanga minyewa yozungulira potengera kuphunzira komanso zomwe wakumana nazo pamoyo. (…) Mwana wakhanda sadziwa kugonana kwake. Ndithudi iye adzaphunzira mofulumira kwambiri kuti asiyanitse mwamuna ndi mkazi, koma ndi zaka za 2 ndi theka zokha kuti azitha kuzindikira chimodzi mwa amuna ndi akazi. Komabe, kuyambira kubadwa wakhala akusintha mu chikhalidwe cha amuna ndi akazi: chipinda chogona, zoseweretsa, zovala ndi khalidwe lachikulire ndizosiyana malinga ndi kugonana kwa mwana wamng'ono.Ndi kuyanjana ndi chilengedwe komwe kungapangitse zokonda, luso ndikuthandizira kukulitsa umunthu molingana ndi zitsanzo za amuna ndi akazi zoperekedwa ndi anthu. ".
Aliyense amakhudzidwa
Palibe kusowa kwa mikangano kuchokera kumbali zonse ziwiri. Mayina akuluakulu mu filosofi ndi sayansi yaumunthu atengapo mbali pakutsutsana kumeneku. Boris Cyrulnik, neuropsychiatrist, ethologist, adatsikira m'bwalo kuti awononge malingaliro amtunduwo, akuwona malingaliro okha omwe amawonetsa "kudana ndi mtundu". ” Ndikosavuta kulera mtsikana kuposa mnyamata, adatsimikizira Point mu September 2011. Komanso, pakukambirana ndi ana amisala, pali anyamata aang'ono okha, omwe kukula kwawo kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Asayansi ena amafotokoza kusintha kumeneku ndi biology. Kuphatikiza kwa ma chromosome a XX kukanakhala kokhazikika, chifukwa kusintha kwa X kukhoza kulipidwa ndi X winayo. Onjezani ku izi udindo waukulu wa testosterone, hormone ya kulimba mtima ndi kuyenda, osati chiwawa, monga momwe amakhulupilira nthawi zambiri. ”Sylviane Agacinski, wanthanthi, nayenso anakayikira. "Aliyense amene sanena lero kuti zonse zimamangidwa komanso zopangapanga akuimbidwa mlandu" wachilengedwe ", kuchepetsa chilichonse ku chilengedwe ndi biology, zomwe palibe amene akunena! »(Christian Family, June 2012).
Mu Okutobala 2011, pamaso pa Nthumwi ya Ufulu wa Akazi ku Nyumba Yamalamulo, Françoise Héritier, wodziwika bwino pankhani ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, adabwera kudzatsutsa kuti mfundo, zomwe zimafotokozedwa mosazindikira, zimakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pakudziwika kwa amuna ndi akazi. Amapereka zitsanzo zingapo kuti zithandizire chiwonetsero chake. Mayeso a luso loyendetsa galimoto, choyamba, anachitidwa kwa ana a miyezi 8 kunja kwa mayiyo, kenako iye ali pomwepo. Kulibe amayi, ana amapangidwa kukwawa pa ndege yokhota. Atsikanawo amakhala osasamala kwambiri ndipo amakwera mapiri otsetsereka. Amayi amaitanidwa kuti alowe ndipo akuyenera kusintha malingaliro a gululo malinga ndi kuthekera kwa ana. Zotsatira: amachulukitsa ndi 20 ° mphamvu za ana awo aamuna ndikuchepetsa ndi 20 ° za ana awo aakazi.
Kumbali ina, wolemba mabuku Nancy Houston mu July 2012 adafalitsa buku lakuti "Reflections in a man's diso" momwe amakwiyitsidwa ndi maganizo okhudzana ndi "social" , akunena kuti amuna alibe zilakolako zofanana komanso zofanana. khalidwe la kugonana monga akazi ndi kuti ngati akazi akufuna kusangalatsa amuna si kudzera kutalikirana.Chiphunzitso cha jenda, malinga ndi iye, chingakhale "kukana kwaunyama kwa angelo". Zimenezi zikufanana ndi zimene Françoise Héritier ananena pamaso pa aphungu a nyumba ya malamulo kuti: “Pa mitundu yonse ya nyama, anthu ndi okhawo amene amuna amamenya ndi kupha akazi awo. Kuwonongeka kotereku kulibe "chirengedwe" cha nyama. Chiwawa chopha akazi m'mitundu yawo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu osati nyama ”.
Izi ndithudi sizitithandiza kusankha pa chiyambi cha kukoma kopanda malire kwa anyamata ang'onoang'ono kwa magalimoto, koma zomwe zimatikumbutsa kuti, muzokambirana izi, misampha imakhala yochuluka kuti ipambane pozindikira gawo la chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe.