Zamkatimu
Chikoka cha zochitika zamaganizo izi ndi zazikulu kwambiri. Tonse tikudziwa "kupachika zolemba". Aphunzitsi kupereka ophunzira «matenda» wa muyaya wovutitsa kapena bwino m'kalasi. Timapereka mphotho kwa mnzathu ndi manyazi a wogwira ntchito bwino kapena wolephera. N'chifukwa chiyani timaweruza potengera chithunzi choyambirira komanso chachiphamaso? Kodi n'zotheka "kupyola" mutayamba kuganizira za ife ndi ena?
Ngati lingaliro loyamba la munthu ndi labwino, kuphatikizapo chifukwa cha zochitika, ndiye kuti chizindikiro chowonjezera chimafikira ku mawonekedwe ake onse ndi zochita zake. Amakhululukidwa kwambiri. Ngati, m'malo mwake, kuwonekera koyamba kulibe, ndiye, ziribe kanthu momwe munthu angachitire bwino m'tsogolomu, amawunikidwa kudzera muyeso loyambalo.
Kwa anthu a ku Russia, zotsatirazi zikhoza kufotokozedwa mothandizidwa ndi mwambi wakuti "amakumana ndi zovala zawo, amawawona malinga ndi malingaliro awo". Kusiyanitsa kokhako ndikuti chifukwa cha chikoka cha zotsatira za halo, nthawi zambiri "amawona" aliyense mu zovala zomwezo. Ndipo kuti malingaliro awoneke kumbuyo kwake, chonyamulira cha halo chiyenera kuyesetsa kwambiri.
Nthawi zambiri tsankho siligonja. Izi zimawonekera makamaka m'magulu a ana ndi achinyamata. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wongoyamba kumene m’kalasi sakuyenda bwino ndipo nthaŵi yomweyo amatchulidwa kuti ndi wosasangalala ndi anzake a m’kalasi, kaŵirikaŵiri njira yokhayo yothetsera maphunziro ndiyo kusintha maphunziro, kumene mungayambe mwatsopano ndi kuyesanso kupanga chithunzi choyamba.
Kodi chodabwitsa ichi ndi chiyani?
M’zaka za m’ma 1920, katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku America, dzina lake Edward Thorndike, anapeza kuti tikamayesa ena, timatsogoleredwa ndi maganizo a makhalidwe enaake, monga maonekedwe, chisangalalo, kulankhula, ndipo zimaphimbira china chilichonse. Katswiri wa zamaganizo adatcha chodabwitsa ichi kuti halo effect kapena halo effect.
Mphamvu ya halo imalongosola cholakwika chamalingaliro osazindikira: mikhalidwe yamunthu - kukopa, kutsika kwakunja, zopambana zapadera - zimalamulira mikhalidwe ina yomwe sitikudziwa, yomwe timaganiza tokha, kumaliza kujambula m'mutu mwathu. Chiwonetsero choyamba chimaphimba china chilichonse, ndikupanga halo. Mu psychology psychology, zotsatira zake zimatchedwa kusokonezeka kwa chidziwitso.
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani kuti mumadziwitsidwa kwa munthu wokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino - ndipo mumphindi zochepa mumapanga m'mutu mwanu chithunzi cha munthu wophunzitsidwa bwino, wophunzira, wolankhula bwino, wokondweretsa.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chinthu chimodzi chosiyanitsa chimatilola kufotokoza makhalidwe ena osadziwika.
Kaŵirikaŵiri munthu wonenepa amawonedwa kukhala waulesi, wopanda nzeru, wopusa, ngakhale wopusa. Ophunzira okhala ndi magalasi amawonedwa ndi aphunzitsi ambiri kukhala owerenga bwino komanso anzeru.
Ndipo, ndithudi, nyenyezi zaku Hollywood zimagwera pansi pa chikoka cha halo effect. Popeza kuti ochita zisudzo ambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi anthu amene amasewera, ndipo timawaona m’malipoti ndi pa TV ngati ma diva ochititsa chidwi, timakhulupirira kuti ali otero m’moyo weniweniwo.
Chabwino, nkhani yodziwika kwambiri yachikoka cha halo ndi Khlestakov wochokera ku The Government Inspector. Anthu onse poyamba adamuvomereza ngati wowerengera ndalama, osawona zosagwirizana ndi zolakwa zomwe zimawonekera mu khalidwe lake ndi mawu ake.
Nchifukwa chiyani ubongo wathu umafunikira izi?
Popanda mphamvu ya halo, magawo ambiri azachuma atha kugwa. Ndikavala mathalauza omwe ndi abizinesi wochita bwino ameneyu, ndidzakhalanso ndi chidwi chofanana! Chowonjezera cha ku China nthawi yomweyo chimasandulika kukhala chowonjezera cha mafashoni (ndipo ngakhale mtengo wake umakwera mpaka ma euro mazana angapo) ngati utawonedwa ndikuyikidwa ndi nyenyezi kapena supermodel. Umu ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito.
Koma kodi n’chifukwa chiyani ubongo wathu umatitsogolera mwadala? M'miyoyo yathu yonse, tiyenera kukonza zambiri zambiri. Tiyenera kuyenda ndi chidziwitso chochepa, ndipo chifukwa cha izi tifunika kugawa zinthu zozungulira ndi nkhani, kuyanjana nazo. Mphamvu ya halo imathandizira izi.
Ngati nthawi zonse tikasanthula mozama zonse zomwe zikubwera zazithunzi ndi zokopa zina, timangopenga.
Chifukwa chake, mwanjira ina, mphamvu ya halo ndiyo njira yathu yodzitetezera. Koma nthawi yomweyo, timadziletsa kukhala ndi malingaliro oyenera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti timachepetsa luso lathu. Ndipo amene "timamuyika" halo amakhala pachiwopsezo chokhalabe m'maso mwathu kosatha mu ntchito yomwe tamupangira iye.
Momwe mungagonjetsere zotsatira za halo?
Tsoka, "kulepheretsa" halo ndizovuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri sizingatheke. Titha kuzizindikira nthawi ino m'malingaliro athu a wina kapena momwe timadziwonera tokha, koma nthawi ina tidzagwa m'chisonkhezero chake mosazindikira. Ndipo ngakhale kuti tonse timadziwa mawu akuti “musaweruze buku potengera chikuto chake,” ndi zomwe timachita nthawi zambiri.
Ngati munthu yemwe tidapereka halo ndi wofunikira komanso wokondedwa kwa ife, njira yokhayo yothanirana ndi vutoli ndikusanthula zomwe tikuwona, kuziyika m'zigawo zake: onetsani chotsogolera, chofunikira kwambiri cha halo ndikutchula zina zonse zomwe zapita m'malingaliro athu. ku zotsatira za halo pa dongosolo lachiwiri. Makamaka njira yotereyi ndiyofunikira kwa oyang'anira, akatswiri a HR omwe amapanga zisankho za ogwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ku Australia, kuyambiranso sikuphatikizidwa ndi zithunzi kuti deta yakunja isaphimbe luso la wopemphayo.
Ambiri aife ndife ovota, kotero sitiyenera kutengera malingaliro a andale omwe, makamaka chisankho chisanachitike, amayesa kuoneka okoma mtima, omasuka komanso odalirika. Ndipo apa ife tokha tiyenera kusonkhanitsa zambiri za wosankhidwayo, kuti tisakhale odzinyenga tokha.
Ndipo palibe amene angatiletse kusonkhanitsa zambiri za ife eni ndi halo yathu - momwe ena amatiwonera.
Tikhoza kunena moona mtima kuti tikudziwa za zochitika za halo effect, ndikuyitanitsa interlocutor kapena mnzake kuti ayang'ane mozama pansi pa "nimbus" yathu ndikutipatsa mwayi wosonyeza makhalidwe athu onse. Chindunji ndi kuona mtima nthawi zambiri amachotsera zida. Mungaganizirenso za momwe tingakonde kuyang'ana pamaso pa ena ndi zomwe tingachite pa izi, koma m'njira yoti tikhalebe tokha.