Chochita ndi mtsinje wosatha wa zinyalala za pulasitiki ngati sitikufuna kuti zimamatira ku nthambi za mitengo, kusambira m'nyanja, ndi kudzaza m'mimba mwa mbalame za m'nyanja ndi anamgumi?
Malinga ndi lipoti la World Economic Forum, kupanga pulasitiki kukuyembekezeka kuwirikiza kawiri pazaka 20 zikubwerazi. Nthawi yomweyo, pafupifupi 30% ya pulasitiki imasinthidwanso ku Europe, 9% yokha ku USA, ndipo m'maiko ambiri omwe akutukuka kumene amabwezeretsanso gawo laling'ono kwambiri kapena sagwiritsanso ntchito.
Mu Januwale 2019, makampani opanga mafuta a petrochemical ndi ogula otchedwa Alliance to Fight Plastic Waste adadzipereka kugwiritsa ntchito $ 1,5 biliyoni kuthana ndi vutoli pazaka zisanu. Cholinga chawo ndikuthandizira zipangizo zina ndi machitidwe operekera, kulimbikitsa mapulogalamu obwezeretsanso, ndipo - zotsutsana kwambiri - kulimbikitsa matekinoloje omwe amasintha pulasitiki kukhala mafuta kapena mphamvu.
Zomera zomwe zimawotcha pulasitiki ndi zinyalala zina zimatha kutulutsa kutentha ndi nthunzi yokwanira kuti zigwiritse ntchito zida za m'deralo. European Union, yomwe imaletsa kutayidwa kwa zinyalala, ikuwotcha kale pafupifupi 42% ya zinyalala zake; US ikuwotcha 12,5%. Malinga ndi bungwe la World Energy Council, maukonde ovomerezeka ndi US omwe akuyimira mitundu ingapo yamagetsi ndi matekinoloje, gawo la polojekiti yotaya mphamvu yamagetsi likuyembekezeka kukula kwambiri m'zaka zikubwerazi, makamaka kudera la Asia-Pacific. Pali kale malo pafupifupi 300 obwezeretsanso ku China, ndi mazana angapo omwe akukonzekera.
Mneneri wa Greenpeace, John Hochevar, anati: "Maiko ngati China atseka zitseko zawo kuti atenge zinyalala kuchokera kumayiko ena, komanso makampani opanga zinthu mochulukirachulukira akulephera kuthana ndi vuto la kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki.
Koma kodi ndi lingaliro labwino?
Lingaliro lakuwotcha zinyalala za pulasitiki kuti lipange mphamvu limamveka bwino: pambuyo pake, pulasitiki imapangidwa kuchokera ku ma hydrocarbons, ngati mafuta, ndipo ndi yolimba kuposa malasha. Koma kukula kwa zinyalala zopsereza kungalepheretsedwe ndi mitundu ina.
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mfundo yakuti malo ogwira ntchito zowonongeka ndizovuta: palibe amene akufuna kukhala pafupi ndi chomera, pafupi ndi kumene padzakhala dzala lalikulu la zinyalala ndi mazana a magalimoto otaya zinyalala patsiku. Nthawi zambiri, mafakitalewa amakhala pafupi ndi anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa. Ku US, chowotchera chatsopano chimodzi chokha chamangidwa kuyambira 1997.
Mafakitale akuluakulu amapanga magetsi okwanira kuti azitha kuyendetsa nyumba masauzande ambiri. Koma kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kukonzanso zinyalala za pulasitiki kumapulumutsa mphamvu zambiri pochepetsa kufunika kochotsa mafuta opangira zinthu zakale kuti apange pulasitiki yatsopano.
Potsirizira pake, zomera zowononga mphamvu zimatha kutulutsa zowononga poizoni monga ma dioxin, mpweya wa asidi, ndi zitsulo zolemera, ngakhale zili zochepa. Mafakitale amakono amagwiritsa ntchito zosefera kuti atseke zinthuzi, koma monga momwe bungwe la World Energy Council linanenera mu lipoti la 2017: “Makina opangidwa ndi matekinolojewa ndi othandiza ngati zopsereza zikugwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti mpweya ukuyenda bwino.” Akatswiri ena akuda nkhawa kuti mayiko amene alibe malamulo okhudza chilengedwe kapena amene sakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima angayese kusunga ndalama kuti asamawononge mpweya.
Pomaliza, zinyalala zoyaka zimatulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Mu 2016, zotenthetsera zaku US zidapanga matani 12 miliyoni a carbon dioxide, opitilira theka la omwe adachokera pakuwotcha pulasitiki.
Kodi pali njira yotetezeka yowotchera zinyalala?
Njira inanso yosinthira zinyalala kukhala mphamvu ndi gasification, njira yomwe pulasitiki imasungunuka pa kutentha kwambiri pafupifupi kulibe mpweya (zomwe zikutanthauza kuti poizoni monga dioxins ndi furans samapangidwa). Koma kukwera kwa gasi pakadali pano sikupikisana chifukwa chotsika mtengo wamafuta achilengedwe.
Ukadaulo wowoneka bwino kwambiri ndi pyrolysis, momwe pulasitiki imaphwanyidwa ndikusungunuka kutentha pang'ono kuposa kuthirira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wocheperako. Kutentha kumaphwanya ma polima apulasitiki kukhala ma hydrocarbon ang'onoang'ono omwe amatha kusinthidwa kukhala mafuta a dizilo komanso ma petrochemicals ena, kuphatikiza mapulasitiki atsopano.
Pakalipano pali zomera zisanu ndi ziwiri zazing'ono za pyrolysis zomwe zikugwira ntchito ku US, zina zomwe zidakali pachiwonetsero, ndipo teknoloji ikukula padziko lonse lapansi ndi malo otsegulidwa ku Ulaya, China, India, Indonesia ndi Philippines. Bungwe la American Council on Chemistry likuyerekeza kuti zomera 600 za pyrolysis zikhoza kutsegulidwa ku US, kukonza matani 30 a pulasitiki patsiku, kwa matani pafupifupi 6,5 miliyoni pachaka - pansi pa gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a matani 34,5 miliyoni. za zinyalala za pulasitiki zomwe tsopano zikupangidwa ndi dziko lino.
Ukadaulo wa pyrolysis umatha kuthana ndi mafilimu, matumba ndi zida zamitundu ingapo zomwe umisiri wamakina ambiri sangathe kuzigwira. Kuphatikiza apo, sichimatulutsa zowononga zowononga kupatula mpweya wochepa wa carbon dioxide.
Kumbali inayi, otsutsa amafotokoza pyrolysis ngati teknoloji yamtengo wapatali komanso yosakhwima. Pakali pano ndi zotsika mtengo kupanga dizilo kuchokera ku mafuta opangira mafuta kusiyana ndi zinyalala zapulasitiki.
Koma ndi mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso?
Kodi mafuta apulasitiki ndi chinthu chongowonjezedwanso? Ku European Union, zinyalala zapanyumba zokha zomwe zimatengedwa kuti ndi zongowonjezedwanso. Ku US, mayiko 16 amawona zinyalala zolimba zamatauni, kuphatikiza pulasitiki, kukhala gwero lamphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Koma pulasitiki singowonjezedwanso mofanana ndi matabwa, mapepala kapena thonje. Pulasitiki simakula kuchokera ku kuwala kwa dzuwa: timapanga kuchokera ku mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku dziko lapansi, ndipo sitepe iliyonse pakuchitapo kanthu ingayambitse kuipitsa.
Rob Opsomer wa bungwe la Ellen MacArthur Foundation anati: “Mukachotsa mafuta oyaka padziko lapansi, n’kupanga mapulasitiki, kenako n’kuwotcha mapulasitikiwo kuti apeze mphamvu, zimaonekeratu kuti zimenezi si zozungulira, koma ndi mzere. chuma chozungulira. kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Ananenanso kuti: "Pyrolysis ikhoza kuonedwa ngati gawo la chuma chozungulira ngati zotuluka zake zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zopangira zida zatsopano zapamwamba, kuphatikiza mapulasitiki olimba."
Othandizira gulu lozungulira ali ndi nkhawa kuti njira iliyonse yosinthira zinyalala zapulasitiki kukhala mphamvu sizingachepetse kufunikira kwa zinthu zatsopano zapulasitiki, mocheperapo kuchepetsa kusintha kwanyengo. Claire Arkin, membala wa Global Alliance for Waste Incineration Alternatives, anati: "Kuyang'ana njirazi ndikusiya njira zothetsera mavuto," akutero Claire Arkin, membala wa Global Alliance for Waste Incineration Alternatives, yomwe imapereka njira zothetsera kugwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki yochepa, kugwiritsiranso ntchito, ndi kubwezeretsanso zina.