Gelling ndi njira yovuta yamankhwala yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ma carbohydrate monga zipatso za pectin kapena carrageenan ngati zonenepa. Popeza mayina amankhwala azinthu zosiyanasiyana amatha kusiyanasiyana, njira yolumikizirana yolumikizana idapangidwa mu 1953, momwe chilichonse chowerengera chakudya chinalandira index ya E (kuchokera ku liwu lakuti Europe) ndi manambala atatu. Ma gelling ndi ma gelling agents omwe ali pansipa m'malo mwa masamba gelatin.
E440. Pectin
Choloweza mmalo chodziwika bwino cha masamba a gelatin omwe amapezeka ku zipatso, masamba ndi masamba. Idapezeka koyamba m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi katswiri wamankhwala waku France kuchokera kumadzi a zipatso, ndipo idayamba kupangidwa pamafakitale m'zaka zoyambirira za zana la XNUMX. Pectin amapangidwa kuchokera ku masamba obwezeretsanso masamba: apulosi ndi zipatso za citrus, beet shuga, madengu a mpendadzuwa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga marmalade, pastille, timadziti ta zipatso, ketchup, mayonesi, kudzaza zipatso, confectionery ndi mkaka. Zotetezeka komanso zothandiza. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
E 407. Karraginan
Banja ili la polysaccharides limapezeka pokonza chondrus crispus (chondrus crispus ya m'nyanja yofiira), yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kwenikweni, ku Ireland, iwo anayamba kuligwiritsa ntchito poyamba. Masiku ano, ndere zimabzalidwa pamalonda, ndipo dziko la Philippines ndilomwe limalima kwambiri. Karagginan amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga chinyezi mu nyama, confectionery, ayisikilimu komanso ngakhale makanda. Ndi zotetezeka mwamtheradi.
E 406. Agara
Banja lina la ma polysaccharides omwe amapezeka kunyanja zofiira ndi zofiirira, mothandizidwa ndi marmalade, ayisikilimu, marshmallow, marshmallow, soufflé, jams, confitures, etc. Ma gelling ake adapezeka kalekale m'maiko aku Asia, komwe mbewu zam'madzi za Euchema zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika ndi mankhwala. Zotetezeka kwathunthu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
E 410. Dzombe nyemba chingamu
Chowonjezera cha chakudya ichi chimachokera ku nyemba za Mediterranean acacia (Ceratonia siliqua), mtengo womwe umatchedwanso carob chifukwa cha kufanana kwa nyemba zake ndi nyanga zazing'ono. Mwa njira, zipatso zomwezi, zouma kokha padzuwa, tsopano zimadziwika kuti ndizopamwamba kwambiri. Gum carob otengedwa ku endosperm (pakati) wa nyemba, umafanana ndi utomoni wa mtengo, koma mchikakamizo cha mpweya umauma ndipo umadzaza ndi kuwala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ayisikilimu, yoghurt ndi sopo. Motetezedwa.
E 415. Xanthan
Xanthan (xanthan chingamu) adapangidwa mkati mwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Asayansi aphunzira momwe angapezere polysaccharide yopangidwa chifukwa cha ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya bakiteriya Xanthomonas campestris ("zowola zakuda"). Kuti apange pamlingo wamakampani, mabakiteriya amapangidwa mu njira yapadera yazakudya, njira yowotchera (fermentation) imachitika, chifukwa chomwe chingamu chimatuluka. M'makampani azakudya, xanthan chingamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowongolera komanso chokhazikika. Mulingo wowopsa wa chowonjezera ndi zero. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
E425. Cognac chingamu
Osadzisangalatsa, dzina la chinthu ichi liribe kanthu kochita ndi cognac. Amachokera ku ma tubers a chomera cha Yaku (Amorphophallus konjac), chomwe chimapezeka ku Japan. Amatchedwanso "mbatata za ku Japan" ndi "lilime la mdierekezi". Cognac kapena konjac chingamu amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati emulsifier, stabilizer, ndi mafuta m'malo mwa zinthu zopanda mafuta. Zowonjezera zimapezeka mu nyama zamzitini ndi nsomba, tchizi, kirimu ndi zinthu zina. Ndi zotetezeka, koma ntchito yake ku Russia ndi yochepa.