Latimeria: kufotokoza za nsomba, kumene amakhala, zimene amadya, mfundo zosangalatsa

Nsomba ya coelacanth, yoimira dziko la pansi pa madzi, imayimira chiyanjano chapafupi pakati pa nsomba ndi oimira amphibious a fauna, omwe adatuluka m'nyanja ndi nyanja kupita kudziko lapansi pafupifupi zaka 400 miliyoni zapitazo mu nthawi ya Devonia. Osati kale kwambiri, asayansi ankakhulupirira kuti mtundu uwu wa nsomba unatheratu, mpaka mu 1938 ku South Africa, asodzi anagwira mmodzi wa oimira mitundu iyi. Pambuyo pake, asayansi anayamba kuphunzira mbiri yakale ya coelacanth nsomba. Ngakhale zili choncho, pali zinsinsi zambiri zomwe akatswiri sangathe kuzithetsa mpaka lero.

Nsomba coelacanth: kufotokoza

Amakhulupirira kuti zamoyozi zidawoneka zaka 350 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo zidakhala padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi asayansi, mtundu uwu unatha zaka 80 miliyoni zapitazo, koma mmodzi wa oimira anagwidwa ali moyo mu Indian Ocean m'zaka zapitazi.

Coelacanths, monga oimira zamoyo zakale amatchedwanso, ankadziwika bwino ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale. Deta inasonyeza kuti gululi linakula kwambiri ndipo linali losiyana kwambiri zaka 300 miliyoni zapitazo panthawi ya Permian ndi Triassic. Akatswiri ogwira ntchito kuzilumba za Comoro, zomwe zili pakati pa Africa ndi kumpoto kwa Madagascar, adapeza kuti asodzi am'deralo amatha kugwira anthu awiri amtunduwu. Izi zinadziwika mwangozi, chifukwa asodzi sanalengeze kugwidwa kwa anthuwa, chifukwa nyama ya coelacanths siyenera kudyedwa ndi anthu.

Mitundu imeneyi itapezeka, kwa zaka makumi angapo zotsatira zinali zotheka kuphunzira zambiri zokhudza nsombazi, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za m’madzi. Zinadziwika kuti izi ndi zolengedwa zofooka, zogona usiku zomwe zimapuma masana, zobisala m'misasa yawo m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, kuphatikizapo anthu khumi ndi awiri kapena theka. Nsombazi zimakonda kukhala m'madera amadzi okhala ndi miyala, pafupifupi yopanda moyo, kuphatikizapo mapanga amiyala omwe ali mozama mpaka mamita 250, ndipo mwinanso. Nsomba zimasaka usiku, zikuyenda kutali ndi malo awo ogona pamtunda wa makilomita 8, ndikubwereranso kumapanga awo atangoyamba kumene. Ma Coelacanth amachedwa mokwanira ndipo pokhapokha chiwopsezo chikayandikira mwadzidzidzi, amawonetsa mphamvu ya zipsepse zawo, kusuntha mwachangu kapena kuchoka kuti asagwidwe.

M'zaka za m'ma 90 m'zaka zapitazi, asayansi adafufuza za DNA za zitsanzo za anthu, zomwe zinachititsa kuti adziwe oimira dziko la Indonesian omwe ali pansi pa madzi ngati mitundu yosiyana. Patapita nthawi, nsombazo zinagwidwa m’mphepete mwa nyanja ku Kenya, komanso ku Sodwana Bay, kufupi ndi gombe la South Africa.

Ngakhale kuti zambiri sizikudziwikabe za nsombazi, ma tetrapod, colacants, ndi lungfish ndi achibale apamtima. Izi zidatsimikiziridwa ndi asayansi, ngakhale kuti ndizovuta kwambiri zokhudzana ndi ubale wawo pamlingo wa zamoyo zamoyo. Mukhoza kuphunzira za mbiri yochititsa chidwi komanso yowonjezereka ya kupezedwa kwa oimira akale a nyanja ndi nyanja mwa kuwerenga buku lakuti: "Nsomba zogwidwa ndi nthawi: kufunafuna coelacanths."

Maonekedwe

Mtundu umenewu umasiyana kwambiri ndi nsomba zamitundu ina. Pa chipsepse cha caudal, pomwe mitundu ina ya nsomba imakhala ndi kupsinjika, coelacanth imakhala ndi petal yowonjezera, osati yayikulu. Zipsepsezo zimaphatikizidwa, ndipo msana wa vertebral udakali wakhanda. Coelacanths amasiyanitsidwanso ndi mfundo yakuti iyi ndi mitundu yokhayo yomwe ili ndi mgwirizano wogwira ntchito. Zimaimiridwa ndi chinthu cha cranium chomwe chimalekanitsa khutu ndi ubongo kuchokera ku maso ndi mphuno. The intercranial mphambano imadziwika ngati ntchito, kulola nsagwada m'munsi kukankhidwira pansi pamene kukweza chapamwamba nsagwada, zomwe zimathandiza coelacanths kudya popanda mavuto. Chodabwitsa cha mawonekedwe a thupi la coelacanth ndikuti ali ndi zipsepse zophatikizana, zomwe ntchito zake ndizofanana ndi mafupa a dzanja la munthu.

Coelacanth ili ndi ma gill 2, pomwe zotsekera za gill zimawoneka ngati mbale za prickly, nsalu yomwe imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi minofu ya mano amunthu. Mutu ulibe zowonjezera zotetezera, ndipo zophimba za gill zimakhala ndi zowonjezera pamapeto. Chibwano chakumunsi chimakhala ndi mbale ziwiri za spongy. Mano amasiyana mu mawonekedwe a conical ndipo amakhala pamafupa a mafupa omwe amapangidwa kudera lakumwamba.

Mamba ake ndi aakulu komanso oyandikana ndi thupi, ndipo minofu yake imafanana ndi dzino la munthu. Chikhodzodzo cha kusambira chimakhala chachitali komanso chodzaza ndi mafuta. Pali valavu yozungulira m'matumbo. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, mwa akuluakulu, kukula kwa ubongo ndi 1% yokha ya kuchuluka kwa danga la cranial. Voliyumu yotsalayo imadzazidwa ndi misa yamafuta mu mawonekedwe a gel. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti mwa achinyamata voliyumu iyi ndi 100% yodzazidwa ndi ubongo.

Monga lamulo, thupi la coelacanth limapakidwa utoto wakuda wabuluu ndi sheen wachitsulo, pomwe mutu ndi thupi la nsomba zimakutidwa ndi mawanga osowa abuluu kapena oyera. Chitsanzo chilichonse chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kachitidwe kake kapadera, kotero kuti nsombazo zimasiyana kwambiri ndi inzake ndipo ndizosavuta kuziwerenga. Nsomba zakufa zimataya mtundu wake wachilengedwe ndipo zimakhala zofiirira kapena pafupifupi zakuda. Pakati pa coelacanths, dimorphism yogonana imatchulidwa, yomwe imakhala ndi kukula kwa anthu: akazi ndi aakulu kwambiri kuposa amuna.

Moyo, khalidwe

Masana, ma coelacanth amakhala m'malo obisalamo, kupanga magulu angapo a anthu opitilira khumi ndi awiri. Amakonda kukhala mozama, pafupi ndi pansi momwe angathere. Amakhala moyo wausiku. Pokhala mozama, zamoyozi zaphunzira kusunga mphamvu, ndipo kukumana ndi zilombo ndizosowa kuno. Mdima ukayamba, anthu amasiya malo awo obisala n’kupita kukafunafuna chakudya. Nthawi yomweyo, zochita zawo zimakhala pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zili pamtunda wosaposa 3 metres kuchokera pansi. Pofunafuna chakudya, ma coelacanth amasambira mtunda wautali mpaka tsiku likubweranso.

Zosangalatsa kudziwa! Kusuntha m'madzi, coelacanth imayenda pang'onopang'ono ndi thupi lake, kuyesera kupulumutsa mphamvu zambiri momwe zingathere. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde apansi pa madzi, kuphatikizapo ntchito ya zipsepse, kuti azitha kuyang'anira malo a thupi lake.

Coelacanth imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe apadera a zipsepse zake, chifukwa chake imatha kupachikidwa m'madzi, kukhala pamalo aliwonse, mozondoka kapena mmwamba. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, coelacanth imatha kuyenda pansi, koma sizili choncho. Ngakhale kukhala m'malo (mphanga), nsomba sizikhudza pansi ndi zipsepse zake. Ngati coelacanth ili pachiwopsezo, ndiye kuti nsomba imatha kudumpha mwachangu, chifukwa cha kusuntha kwa zipsepse za caudal, zomwe zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri.

Kodi coelacanth amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Amakhulupirira kuti coelacanths ndi zaka 80 zenizeni ndipo amatha kukhala zaka XNUMX, ngakhale kuti izi sizikutsimikiziridwa ndi chirichonse. Akatswiri ambiri amatsimikiza kuti izi zimatheka ndi moyo woyezedwa wa nsomba mozama, pamene nsomba zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo, kuthawa adani, pokhala mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa kutentha.

Mitundu ya coelacanth

Coelacanth ndi dzina lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikiritsa mitundu iwiri ya zamoyo monga Indonesian coelacanth ndi Coelacanth coelacanth. Ndiwo mitundu yokha ya zamoyo zomwe zakhalapo mpaka lero. Amakhulupirira kuti ndi oimira banja lalikulu, lopangidwa ndi mitundu 120, yomwe imatsimikiziridwa m'masamba a mbiri yakale.

Range, malo okhala

Mitunduyi imadziwikanso kuti "zotsalira zamoyo" ndipo imakhala kumadzulo kwa nyanja ya Pacific, kumalire ndi Indian Ocean, mkati mwa Greater Comoro ndi zilumba za Anjouan, komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya South Africa, Mozambique ndi Madagascar.

Zinatenga zaka makumi angapo kuti aphunzire kuchuluka kwa zamoyozo. Pambuyo pa kugwidwa kwa chitsanzo chimodzi mu 1938, kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zokhazo zomwe zimaimira zamoyozi.

Chochititsa chidwi! Panthawi ina panali pulogalamu ya ku Africa "Celacanth". Mu 2003, IMS idaganiza zolumikizana ndi pulojekitiyi kuti ikonzekere kufufuza kwina kwa mitundu yakaleyi. Posakhalitsa, zoyesayesazo zinapindula ndipo kale pa September 6, 2003, chitsanzo china chinagwidwa kumwera kwa Tanzania ku Songo Mnare. Pambuyo pake, Tanzania idakhala dziko lachisanu ndi chimodzi m'madzi momwe ma coelacanths adapezeka.

Mu 2007, pa July 14, asodzi ochokera kumpoto kwa Zanzibar anagwira anthu ena angapo. Akatswiri ochokera ku IMS, Institute of Marine Sciences of Zanzibar, nthawi yomweyo adapita ndi Dr. Nariman Jiddawi kumalo, komwe adazindikira kuti nsombazo ndi "Latimeria chalumnae".

Zakudya za coelacanths

Chifukwa cha zomwe adawona, adapeza kuti nsombayo imawombera nyama yomwe ingagwire ngati ili pafupi. Kuti achite izi, amagwiritsa ntchito nsagwada zake zamphamvu kwambiri. Zomwe zili m'mimba mwa anthu ogwidwawo zidawunikidwanso. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anapeza kuti nsombazi zimadyanso zamoyo zimene zimapeza m’nthaka pansi pa nyanja kapena m’nyanja. Chifukwa cha zowonera, zidakhazikitsidwanso kuti chiwalo cha rostral chili ndi ntchito ya electroreceptive. Chifukwa cha izi, nsomba zimasiyanitsa zinthu zomwe zili mumtsinje wamadzi ndi kukhalapo kwa magetsi mkati mwake.

Kubala ndi ana

Chifukwa chakuti nsomba zili mozama kwambiri, zimadziwika pang'ono za izo, koma chinthu chosiyana kwambiri ndi chodziwika bwino - coelacanths ndi nsomba za viviparous. Posachedwapa, ankakhulupirira kuti amayikira mazira, monga nsomba zina zambiri, koma amapangidwa kale ndi mwamuna. Akazi atagwidwa, adapeza caviar, yomwe kukula kwake kunali kofanana ndi mpira wa tennis.

Zambiri zosangalatsa! Mmodzi wamkazi amatha kubereka, malinga ndi msinkhu, kuyambira 8 mpaka 26 amakhala mwachangu, kukula kwake ndi pafupifupi 37 cm. Akabadwa amakhala kale ndi mano, zipsepse ndi mamba.

Mwana aliyense akabadwa amakhala ndi thumba lalikulu koma laulesi lozungulira pakhosi, lomwe linali ngati gwero la chakudya kwa iwo pa nthawi ya bere. Panthawi ya chitukuko, thumba la yolk likatha, limatha kufota ndikutsekeka m'kati mwa thupi.

Yaikazi imabala ana ake kwa miyezi 13. Pachifukwa ichi, tingaganize kuti akazi akhoza kutenga mimba kale kuposa chaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu pambuyo pa mimba yotsatira.

Adani achilengedwe a coelacanth

Shark amadziwika kuti ndi adani ambiri a coelacanth.

Mtengo wa nsomba

Tsoka ilo, nsomba ya coelacanth ilibe phindu pamalonda, chifukwa nyama yake siingathe kudyedwa. Ngakhale zili choncho, nsomba zimagwidwa mochuluka, zomwe zimawononga kwambiri anthu ake. Imagwidwa makamaka kuti ikope alendo, ndikupanga nyama zodzaza ndi zinthu zapadera kuti zisonkhetse anthu. Pakadali pano, nsomba iyi yalembedwa mu Red Book ndipo yoletsedwa kuchita malonda pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi mwanjira iliyonse.

Komanso, asodzi akuchilumba cha Great Comoro anakana mwakufuna kwawo kupitiriza kugwira nsomba za coelacans zomwe zimakhala m’madzi a m’mphepete mwa nyanja. Izi zidzapulumutsa zinyama zapadera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Monga lamulo, amasodza m'madera a m'madzi omwe sali oyenerera moyo wa coelacanth, ndipo ngati atagwidwa, amabwezera anthu kumalo awo okhalamo osatha. Choncho, zinthu zolimbikitsa zachitika posachedwapa, pamene anthu a ku Comoros akuyang'anira kusunga chiwerengero cha nsomba zapaderazi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti coelacanth ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa sayansi. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa nsomba iyi, asayansi akuyesera kubwezeretsa chithunzi cha dziko lapansi chomwe chinalipo zaka mazana angapo miliyoni zapitazo, ngakhale izi sizophweka. Chifukwa chake, ma coelacanths masiku ano amaimira mitundu yamtengo wapatali kwambiri pa sayansi.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, ngakhale nsomba ilibe phindu ngati chinthu chokhala ndi moyo, ili pafupi kutha ndipo ili m'gulu la Red Book. Coelacanth yalembedwa pa IUCN Red List kuti Ili Pangozi Kwambiri. Mogwirizana ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa CITES, coelacanth yapatsidwa udindo wa zamoyo zomwe zili pachiwopsezo.

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zamoyozo sizinaphunzirepo mokwanira, ndipo lero palibe chithunzi chokwanira chodziwira kuchuluka kwa coelacanth. Izi ndichifukwa choti mtundu uwu umakonda kukhala mozama kwambiri ndipo umakhala m'malo masana, ndipo sikophweka kuphunzira chilichonse mumdima wathunthu. Malinga ndi akatswiri, m'zaka za m'ma 90 zazaka zapitazi, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero mkati mwa Comoros kungawonekere. Kutsika kwakukulu kwa ziwerengero kunali chifukwa chakuti coelacanth nthawi zambiri inkagwera mu maukonde a asodzi omwe ankapha nsomba mozama za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba. Izi zimakhala choncho makamaka pamene zazikazi zomwe zatsala pang’ono kubereka zimadutsa muukonde.

Pomaliza

Titha kunena kuti coelacanth ndi mtundu wapadera wa nsomba zomwe zidawoneka padziko lapansi zaka 300 miliyoni zapitazo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zamoyozo zinatha kukhalapo mpaka lero, koma sizidzakhala zophweka kwa iye (coelacanth) kukhala ndi moyo zaka 100. Posachedwapa, munthu saganizira kwambiri za mmene angapulumutsire mtundu umodzi wa nsomba. Ndizovuta kuganiza kuti coelacanth, yomwe sidyedwa, imadwala chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Ntchito ya anthu ndikuimitsa ndi kuganizira zotsatira zake, apo ayi zingakhale zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Zinthu zamoyo zikatha, anthu nawonso adzatha. Sipadzafunika zida zanyukiliya kapena masoka ena achilengedwe.